Role of the United States Constitution

Role of the United States Constitution The role of the constitution plays an important part of the everyday life in the United States. It is a part of every person’s life even if they do not realize it. It usually has impacted your life in the past or even at every moment in someone’s life. â€Å"Although the Constitution created a new federal government, it took a courageous, brilliant, and farseeing Supreme Court chief justice to help realize the framers’ vision. † (Microsoft, 2007) The Constitution itself provides that it may be amended to address social and economic changes. There are two main functions that the U. S. Constitution serves. One of main function is the three branches of the federal government which are judicial, legislative and executive. The second main function is to, â€Å"protect individual rights by limiting the government’s ability to restrict those rights. † (Cheeseman, 2007) Power is distributed throughout the branches in time. The executive branch is designated to provide the election of the president and vice president. Both presidents are elected by the Electoral College and not by popular vote like one would think. The legislative branch’s responsibility consists of the Senate and House of Representatives which together are called Congress. Lastly, there is the judicial branch which was created by establishing the Supreme Court. Checks and balances have been created so one branch does not get any more powerful than the others. The judicial branch has authority to examine the acts of the other two branches of government and determine if those acts are constitutional. The executive branch can enter into treaties with foreign governments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. The legislative branch is authorized to create federal courts and determine their jurisdiction and to enact statutes that change judicially made law. Certain checks and balances are built into the Constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government becomes too powerful. The Supremacy Clause is considered the supreme law of the land or the highest form of law in the American legal system. State and local laws that conflict with valid federal law are unconstitutional. Another main section of the constitution is the Commerce Clause which, â€Å"grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with Indian tribes. (Cheeseman, 2007) This was set in place mainly to foster the development of a national market and free trade among the states. The 10 amendments that are part of the Constitution are the bill of rights. These amendments basically guarantee rights to people and protect these rights from government that might try to get in the way. Over the years 17 amendments have been added with some being abolished slavery, prohibited discrimination, authorized the federa l income tax and given women the right to vote. Probably the most known amendment is freedom of speech which is defined as, â€Å"the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship. (Wikipedia, 2008) This is the one of the most important amendments because all other amendments would basically be meaningless without it. In Minnesota there was a state wide smoking ban that took effect on September 30, 2007. â€Å"The Minnesota law applies to bars, restaurants, and private clubs. † (Brunswick, 2007) This change in the law has affected some of the business in many bars. Recently there have been a few bars that have found a â€Å"loophole† in the Freedom to Breathe Act. The loophole basically states that smoking is allowing in public places as long as there is a theater performance. Mark Benjamin, an attorney from Cambridge who initiated the event, said, â€Å"These people are actors and this is the stage. † (Mille Lacs Messenger, 2008) All the patrons in the bar are considered actors and their cigarette is a prop which is how the loophole works. The smoking ban is an example of how a Constitutional right affects a business and how the legal system is used with respect to recognizing or protecting that right. Yes, the smoking ban might be hurting some bars that are mainly serving beverages, but the rights are being protected by letting people smoke freely everywhere else other than bars, restaurants, and private clubs. Even though many states are starting to ban smoking like Minnesota, more than likely it will never come down to where smoking is completely banned. References Brunswick, M. (2007, September 30). New smoking ban. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from http://www. startribune. com/local/11606746. html Cheeseman, H. R. (2007). The Legal Environment of Business and Online Commerce: Business Ethics, E-Commerce, Regulatory, and International Issues (5th ed. ). A Pearson Education Company : Prentice Hall, Inc.. Microsoft (2007). Constitution of the United States. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from

The Definition of Euthanasia in Different Perspectives

Euthanasia is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as â€Å"the action of killing an individual for reasons considered to be merciful† (469). Here, killing is described as the physical action where one individual actively kills another. Euthanasia is tolerated in the medical field under certain circumstances when a patient is suffering profoundly and death is inevitable. The word â€Å"euthanasia† comes from the Greek eu, â€Å"good†, and thanatos, â€Å"death,† literally, â€Å"good death†; however, the word â€Å"euthanasia† is much more difficult to define. Each person may define euthanasia differently. Who is to ecide whether a death is good or not? Is any form of death good? All of these questions can be answered differently by each person. It is generally taken today to mean that act which a health care professional carries out to help his/her patient achieve a good death. Suicide, self-deliverance, auto-euthanasia, aid-in-dying, assisted suicide — call it what you like — can be justified by the average supporter of the so-called â€Å"right to die movement† for the following reasons: The first reason is that an advanced terminal illness is causing unbearable suffering to the individual. This uffering is the most common reason to seek an early end. Second, a grave physical handicap exists that is so restricting that the individual cannot, even after due care, counseling, and re-training, tolerate such a limited existence. This handicap is a fairly rare reason for suicide; most impaired people cope remarkably well with their affliction, but there are some who would, at a certain point, rather die. We say that there is a second form of suicide; justifiable suicide, that is a rational and planned self-deliverance from a painful and hopeless disease which will shortly end in death. I do not hink the word â€Å"suicide† sits well in this context but we are stuck with it. Suicide is the taking of one's own life. Why does the term euthanasia even exist? Is euthanasia not suicide? A differentiation must be made between the two. Suicide is condoned by society as being unacceptable but euthanasia is viewed as moral and acceptable in most instances. The term â€Å"self-deliverance† is difficult to understand because the news media is in love with the words â€Å"doctor-assisted suicide†. This is because the news media is dissecting the notion of whether or not doctors, who are supposed to preserve life, should artake in euthanasia. The media is failing to look at the actual issue of euthanasia, but instead, they are looking at the decision of whether or not doctors should assist in euthanasia. Also, we have to face the fact that the law calls all forms of self-destruction There are ethical guidelines for euthanasia. If the following guidelines are met, then euthanasia is considered acceptable. The person must be a mature adult. This is essential. The exact age will depend on the individual but the person should not be a minor who would come under quite different laws. Secondly, the person must have learly made a considered decision. An individual has the ability now to indicate this with a living will (which applies only to disconnection of life supports) and can also, in today's more open and tolerant society, freely discuss the option of euthanasia with health-care professionals, family, lawyers, etc. The euthanasia must not be carried out at the first knowledge of a life-threatening illness, and reasonable medical help must have been sought to cure or at least slow down the terminal disease. I do not believe in giving up life the minute a person is informed that he or she has a terminal illness. Life is precious, you only live once, and it is worth a fight. It is when the fight is clearly hopeless and the agony, physical and mental, is unbearable that a final exit is an option. The treating physician must have been informed, asked to be involved, and his or her response been taken into account. The physician's response will vary depending on the circumstances, of course, but they should advise their patients that a rational suicide is not a crime. It is best to inform the doctor and hear his or her response. For example, the patient might be mistaken. Perhaps the diagnosis has been misheard r misunderstood. Patients raising this subject were met with a discreet silence or meaningless remarks in the past but in today's more accepting climate most physicians will discuss potential end of life actions. The person must have a Will disposing of his or her This shows evidence of a tidy mind, an orderly life, and forethought, all things which are important to an acceptance of rational suicide. The person must have made plans to die that do not involve others in criminal liability or leave them with guilty feelings. Assistance in suicide is a crime in most places, although he laws are gradually changing, and very few cases ever come before the courts. The only well-known instance of a lawsuit concerning this is the doctor-assisted suicide of Dr. Kevorkian. The person must leave a note saying exactly why he or she is taking their life. This statement in writing removes the chance of misunderstandings or blame. It also demonstrates that the departing person is taking full responsibility for the action. These are all guidelines for allowing a euthanasia to take place. By this, I mean the doctor is involved in the patient's decision and actively performs the euthanasia. I believe that passive euthanasia would show a lack of interest on the doctor's part. Simply allowing a patient to die does not require a doctor's Passive euthanasia should not even exist. Euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the action of killing†¦ † James Rachels states in his â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia† that â€Å"The important difference between active and passive euthanasia is that in passive euthanasia, the doctor does not do anything to bring about the patient's death. The doctor does nothing and the patient dies of whatever ills already afflict him. In active euthanasia, however, the doctor does something o bring about the patient's death: he [actively] kills him† (1024). Is allowing a patient to die considered to be an action? Rachels states â€Å"†¦ the process of being allowed to die can be relatively slow and painful, whereas being given a lethal injection is relatively quick and painless† (1020). Disconnecting respiratory devices is not an acceptable method of euthanasia. It causes the patient to starve for oxygen and gasp for it, but when he/she cannot breathe, the body is starved of oxygen and suffocates. This is not merciful by any means. Rachels also states, â€Å"One reason why so many people think that here is an important moral difference between active and passive euthanasia is that they think killing someone is morally worse than letting someone die† (1022). The idea that a patient utilizes a medical device and has grown dependent on it for life is a grim one indeed; however, relieving a patient who relies on this machine for his/her life by simply cutting it off is not acceptable. Leon Kass states in his â€Å"Why Doctor's Must Not Kill,† â€Å"Ceasing medical intervention, allowing nature to take its course, differs fundamentally from mercy killing. For one thing, death does not ecessarily follow the discontinuance of treatment† (1034). This states my point exactly. Euthanasia is the physical action of putting someone to a painless death who is suffering tremendously. The passive nature of allowing someone to die is not euthanasia. This is not an physical action taken by a doctor to ease a patient's suffering and The doctor should decide whether the ailment is curable and if it is not, he/she should decide whether the patient will live productively for months or even years to come. If the ailment is not immediately fatal, will it cause pain and suffering for the rest of he patient's life? How old is the patient? Will he/she live much longer anyway? All these factors should come into play when deciding whether a patient should be euthanized; however, the doctor's answers to these questions may differ from those of the patient and his/her family. It is up to the patient's doctor to decide whether the patient's ailment is indeed curable. The patient should be presented with the facts. The doctor should tell the patient exactly how it is and not project the false hope that the patient may recover. With this information, the patient can make an informed decision and feel that t is the best one. Sidney Hook states in his â€Å"In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia† that â€Å"Each one should be permitted to make his own choice- especially when no one else is harmed by it. The responsibility for the decision, whether deemed wise or foolish, must be with the chooser† (1028). This is evidenced quite simply by the mere fact that everyone has civil rights and liberties. No one can decide who should die and who should not. Everyone is in complete control of his/her own life and; therefore, should be free to decide. Having considered the arguments in favor of auto-euthanasia, he person should also contemplate the arguments against it. First, should the person go into a hospice program instead and receive not only first-class pain management but comfort care and personal attention? Put simply, hospices make the best of a bad job, and they do so with great skill and love. The right-to-die movement supports their work, but not everyone wants a lingering death, not everyone wants that form of care. Today many terminally ill people take the marvelous benefits of home hospice programs and still accelerate the end when suffering becomes too much. A few hospice leaders claim that heir care is so perfect that there is absolutely no need for anyone to consider euthanasia. While I have no wish to criticize them, they are wrong to claim perfection. Most, but not all, terminal pain can today be controlled with the sophisticated use of drugs, but the point these leaders miss is that personal quality of one's live is foremost to some people. If one's body has been so destroyed by disease that it is not worth living, that is an intensely individual decision which should not be swayed. In some cases of the final days in hospice care, when the pain is very serious, the patient is drugged nto unconsciousness. If that way is acceptable to the patient, then so be it, but some people do not wish their final hours to be in that fashion. There should be no conflict between hospice and euthanasia, both are valid options in a caring society. Both are appropriate to different people with differing values. The other consideration is related to religion: does suffering glorify a person? Is suffering, as related to Jesus Christ's suffering on the cross, a part of the preparation for meeting God? Are you merely a steward of your life, which is a gift from God, which only He may take away. If your answers to these questions is yes, then you should not be involved in any form of euthanasia. Remember that there are millions of atheists, as well as people of differing religions, and they all have rights, too. Many Christians who believe in euthanasia justify it by reasoning that the God whom they worship is loving and tolerant, and would not wish to see them in agony. They do not see their God as being so vengeful as refusing them the Kingdom of Heaven if they accelerated the end of their life to avoid prolonged, unbearable suffering. A doctor should not be allowed to â€Å"play God† and ecide who should live and who should die. In fact, even the patient should not be allowed to, but it is the patient's life and he/she has to live it. So, it is only logical to allow the patient, and no one Another consideration must be that, by ending one's life before its natural end, is one is depriving oneself of a valuable period of good life? Is that last period of love and companionship with family and friends worth hanging on for? Even the most determined supporters of euthanasia hang on until the last minute; sometimes too long, and lose control. They, too, gather with their families and riends to say goodbyes. There are important reunions and often farewell parties. Euthanasia supporters enjoy life and love living, and their respect for the sanctity of life is as strong as anybody's. Yet they are willing, if their dying is distressing to them, to give up a few weeks or a few days at the very end and leave under their own control. Ultimately, the decision lies with the beholder. It is the right of a person to make his/her own choice, with some limitations. It is the doctor's responsibility to provide the patient with an accurate prognosis so that the patient may make an educated decision.

Inpatient Falls and bed alarms Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inpatient Falls and bed alarms - Dissertation Example This can be in the form of low rise beds; call lights placed at closer distance, placing floor mats, toilets at closer intervals. The environment surrounding the patient should be modified to minimize the impact of the fall of the patients. It is said that 33% adults over the age of 65 fall every year. 20% of the adults who experience the fall suffer moderate to extreme injuries. The hospitalization cost estimated for the fall of a patient is about $17,500. Falls have been referred to as â€Å"nurse sensitive quality indicator† (Castex & Albright 2010). Most of the falls occur in and around the patient’s bed and in the bathrooms and are often unobserved. Patient falls are associated with certain very serious consequences. The fall experienced by a patient has a negative affect on his self confidence and result in fear of falling and ‘post fall anxiety syndrome’. A serious fall reduces the mobility of the patient and restricts his ability to perform daily ac tivities. The patient’s fall makes him more susceptible to diseases and may have debilitating affect. It may even lead to death. 50% of the people who experience a major fall die after one year. The accountability or liability associated with a fall lies with the hospital staff and the authorities (Simmons, 2010). The hospital has to bear significant costs associated with patients’ fall. It is extremely important for hospitals to identify preventive measures to control fall rates. This paper analyzes on whether the introduction of bed alarms can reduce the inpatient falls. Background and Significance of the Issue Inpatient falls are a major safety issue in hospitals because the falls may result in severe injury to the patient, have debilitating affects and may even lead to death. The patient’s prolonged stay in the hospital increases the associated costs that the hospital has to bear if the patient stays for a longer duration. The greater need for follow up care of patients, surgical needs and the costs associated with diagnostic purposes adds to the increased costs for the hospital (Hernandez, 2005). According to reports by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the fall costs associated with older adults was estimated at $20.2 billion in 1994. This cost is predicted to increase up to $32.4 billion by the year of 2020 (CDC Injury Center, 2006). Hospitals have to bear large costs associated with the falls. 15% to 30% of the falls cause fractures in patients. This involves the cost of casting, surgery or traction and at times even leads to death (Lopez & Et. Al., 2010). The risk factors that contribute to falls are the severe illness of a patient, the â€Å"poly pharmacy treatment strategy of the patient† , unfamiliarity of the patient with his surroundings, balance deficit, neurological disease, visual deficit, lack of proper nutrition, musculoskeletal problems and lower hip problems, multiple medication, cognitive impair ment, hypotension, depression to name a few (Dougherty, 2008). The injuries from falls can be very severe especially for the older people. According to the MD, director of the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center at the Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Ronald I. Shorr, the fall rate in hospitals is about â€Å"four to five falls per 1,000 patient days, or about a fall per day in a 250-bed hospital† (Simmons, 2010). Further it is also said that one

The Payback Period as a Tool in Capital Budgeting Decisions Essay

The Payback Period as a Tool in Capital Budgeting Decisions - Essay Example In order to aid managers in making decisions with regards to capital budgeting, tools and techniques have been devised. One of these methods is called the payback method. The payback method is one of the most popular tools in conducting capital budgeting decision. The payback period tells the company the length of time required to recoup the original investment through investment cash flows. This is essentially the time when the company breaks even-the initial capital outlay is equal to the cash flows. For example, if a company invests $100,000 for the introduction of a new product line, then, the payback period reveals when the company will be generating cash flow of $100,000. Considering that the business organization invests in a project which generates the same level of cash flow annually, the payback period is computed as the follows: However, if the investment generates unequal annual cash flows, then the individual annual cash flows are subtracted from the initial investment until a difference of zero is reached. The year when cash flow equals investment is the payback period. Other things being equal, the investment with a low payback period is chosen as it implies less risk for the company. ... As the investment is recouped in a shorter period of time, it also indicates that the investment is less likely to fail. In the payback method, the profitability of the investment is often tied on how fast the investment generates cash inflow for the business organization. If the business organization is eyeing two or more projects to invest into, using the payback as sole decision criterion will make the company choose the project which has the lowest payback. However, if there is only one project to be evaluated, the firm often sets a specific span of time when the initial investment should be recouped. Generally, managers favor projects which have a payback period of less than three years. If the payback period is one year, the project is considered essential. In order to assess really understand how the payback period can be used in decision making, we will use it to evaluate two projects-one which has a fixed annual cash flow and one which generates unequal stream of cash flow. Suppose, XYZ Company is choosing between replacing its old machine used for production or embarking on a new product line. Each of the projects is estimated to require an initial investment of $100,000. Since the company is constrained with only $100,000 budget, the company must pursue only the more profitable option. The primary decision criterion used to evaluate investment decisions is the payback method. The estimated net cash flows are as follows: Year Replace Old Machine Introduce Product Line 1 $25,000 $10,000 2 $25,000 $20,000 3 $25,000 $70,000 4 $25,000 $50,000 5 $25,000 $50,000 A. Constant Annual Cash Flow The replacement of the old machine with the new one is forecasted to yield

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Case analysis - Essay Example Since the company used to deal with more than one currency, then the exchange rate proved to be a challenge. Foreign currency rates are never constant; they fluctuate on a daily basis due to the interaction of a variety of elements that are beyond the scope of this case analysis. Delays in ordering and payment together with exchange rate fluctuations pose a significant risk for a company like Alliance that deals with more than one currency. Although it is uncertain, it could be argued that with exchange rate could fluctuate in either direction thus providing some room for profitability. The other problem that Alliance faced was the fact that they have been in operation for only three years. Some of the company is administrative and supply chain processes, such as those for equipment procurement and generation of price quotations require improvement and formalization. This can be attributed to the fact that they have only been in operation for quite a short period (Aleshaiway, 2005). The customer can participate by modifying the price quotation process in a bid to mitigate the foreign exchange risk. This policy can be implemented through a number of various ways including, changing the acceptance period (30 days) and changing the required amount of deposits to be made. A stipulation is saying that the final charges would be based on the exchange rate at the time of project completion should be included in the original contract. To add to the above strategy, a review of the internal processes related to cash management (including collection from customers and payment of suppliers), price quotations, and equipment procurement. Although there are aspects of the overall process that are dependent on schedules and operations of others such us completion of projects, there are small issues within that process that could bring about risk mitigation of exchange rates. The company

Corrections Module 6 Online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corrections Module 6 Online - Essay Example Before the adoption of the health policies, this article indicates that US court system was reluctant to challenge jail conditions that touched on the health of the prisoners. However, after the case of Estelle v Gamble, courts have taken the initiative to support institutional policies that were challenged by prisoners. Some of the policies that US courts advocated for included segregation of HIV-seropositive individuals in addition to no segregation policies (Harrison and Beck 39). According to the state of Nevada, prisoners were supposed to undergo a mandatory HIV testing. However, in 1990 the Ninth Circuit Court overturned the mandatory policy put in place by the Nevada authority. This article indicates Blucker v Washington, 95c50110, U.S. District Court [ND Ill]) as one of the major case that depicts the way prisoners rights were affected in 1990s. According to this case, an inmate it Illinois prison sued the staff on the ground that as a result of the sexual abuse by the prison gangs he was infected with HIV. However, after 2 trials his case was rejected. Major strategies emulated by the government to punish prisoners involved in infecting other with HIV include incarceration and creation of criminal sanctions. This article is related with the text book in that it depicts the extent to which prisoners and victims were denied their rights. However, the reforms in the US judicial system have significantly addressed their plights. According to this article, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and other religious organisations stipulate that governors of the various US states should reject the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) proposal to buy and manage all the prisons that are under states authority (Abramsky 18). ACLU argues that by privatizing the US prisons, CCA would only increase it profits while the criminal justice reforms would be compromised. In addition, the article indicates the views of Office of Public Witness that depicts

Briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Briefing paper - Essay Example First and foremost, Subway must develop understanding and acceptance about cultural differences. This will be accomplished through an exchange and training programs to all of its subsidiaries to facilitate the easy exchange of information. With the concept of open-mindedness, expatriation will be successful. Finally, Subway must somehow consider other motivating factors and a change of management structure in order to remain competitive. 2. Terms of Reference Motivating people is one of the challenging tasks a manager must handle. Usually, work motivation among employees is influenced by cultural issues particularly in international companies. â€Å"Managing across cultures requires motivating employees from various cultures, but finding a framework for motivating and managing behavior across cultures has proven to be difficult† (Silverthorne, 2005, p.98). Based on the research conducted by Kreitner (2009, p.102), employees are looking for a process that is geographically cohe rent. However, because of diversity in individual needs and workplace expectations, motivating practices from one organization will not be anymore successful towards other jurisdiction. Management-Expert (ME) is a global firm that gives consulting services and training programs to all kinds of management issues. ... Just recently, Subway management decided to expatriate workers for them to experience the culturally diverse global workforce. However, the company encountered some disadvantages and one of those is the adaptability to the culture of foreign environments. Because of these cross-cultural differences, employees are having low morale and at the same time turnover becomes high. Per evaluation of the management team, employee motivation is severely damaged. This briefing paper will serve to explain the nature of Subway’s problem, the overview and analysis of the situation, and some suggested remedies/ recommendations to the problem. 3. Overview of the Situation Expatriating employees is one of Subway’s management strategies to make their employees globally skillful. The organization’s objective is to increase the cultural intelligence of their employees in terms of adapting to different cultures. This is also some kind of private motivation among their front line peop le and managers for them to have a broader global perspective among their international subsidiaries. However, the decision brings some drawbacks and it caused a severe damage to the attitudes and behaviors of employees toward their jobs. In other words, employees are not anymore motivated plainly because of the differences in work values, practices, and culture of foreign environments. According to Finsterbusch (2003, p.6), even though most of the countries nowadays are driven by technological and economic development, there is still no room for uniformed global culture. Values will only shift based on the trend but the origin of the culture in which it is employed will not be constant and so dealing with expatriates need to be

Midterm - HIST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Midterm - HIST - Essay Example The difference was seen on their idea on what was right for the citizens. One of the differences was on self-rule and determination. The conservative were of the idea that self-rule and determination were not suitable for Europe. The idea was that such ideas were responsible for chaos and constant wars in Europe. For example, they cited the revolutionary America and France. The conservative believed the ideas were to stop if untold suffering and bloodshed was to end. Moreover, the ideas were seen as affecting lower classes in which the conservatives believed they required nothing more than peace and stability. On the other hand, the liberals were of the idea that time was ripe for the establishment of national government. They believed the old order was responsible for suffering and inequality that was rampant in Europe, at the period. They were against the domination of various regions by a few group of rich and noble in the society. Therefore, they demanded representative governmen t. Secondly, there were differences based on the economic state of the region in the period. For example, the liberal idea was that there should be a free market in the region. As a result, they called for uncontrolled private enterprise and non-government interference in the economy. On the other hand, the conservatives were opposed to the idea. They believed that the government had to have a hand in the regulation of the market, as well as ownership of property. For example, they controlled the distribution of land. Third, there were significant political differences between the opposing sides. The differences occurred in terms of enjoyment of rights. The liberals spent most of their time fighting for rights. Moreover, the wanted a large portion of the middle class to be allowed to vote instead on concentrating it to few aristocratic individuals. This is because only those who owned property could vote at the period. Hence, only the noble who

Movie crash Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie crash - Essay Example Racist families inculcate racial believes in their children too and thus throughout their growing period they are trained to become racist however this believe is rejected in the Movie crash where Dillon who was extremely close to his father, whereas his father was not racist at all. Dillon became racist due to the negative experiences he had with his father along with him being a member of LAPD which actually gave birth to his negativity against blacks. There is another scene in the movie depicting the general behavior of US people where a Persian family went to purchase a gun, and the person selling the gun made some racist comments and also spoke about the twin towers and 9/11 incident blaming the Middle Eastern people for that and calling all of them racist. Generally people use such events like 9/11 in order to show their own personal anger and frustration towards different ethnic groups. Sandra Bullock’s character also spoke about the relationship which is shared between the white and black people, where she says that generally if women see black men coming, they will change their way and be called racist however when Sandra did not do that she was caught up with a gun in his head. It is the general concept which is in the heads of US people where all the black men are suppose to be criminals, drug dealers and also thugs. This stereotyping has affected many innocent African Americans as well. Another important black character in the movie was of Ludacris who use to steal cars from white people. Movie also reveals that the stereotyping is not restricted to skin tones only , it is also an integral part of the social class of the people of the US. Cameron is another black character who achieved a lot of success and he was a hardworking man however he was also badly treated by his wife and also his white producer. Cameron was earning a lot of money but for that he was suppose to live a life like a black man but still he always remembered this in

Illinois v. Wardlow 528 U.S.119 (Case law) Research Paper

Illinois v. Wardlow 528 U.S.119 (Case law) - Research Paper Example They found a handgun from him and later o arrest him for further enquiry. When the case was presented in the Illinois Trial court, Wardlaw’s motion in that area was denied to suppress by the court and they also gave the judgment as the gun was found during a legal stop and search operation. But state Appellate Court reverse the decision stating that there was not enough evidence of doubt for Nolan to stop and search Wardlaw. Latter on Supreme Court stated the fact that sudden movement or flight in a high crime zone could not be a reason to suspect and stop-search an individual as the movement can be treated like â€Å"right to go on one’s way†. But as the suspect tried to flight from the place therefore the further investigation can be carry on. (Legal Information Institute, 2000). The Fourth Amendment of US law did support the action of the police office. According to Ferguson & Bernache (2008), under the guidelines of the Supreme Court, lower court while giving any decision can consider an area as high crime area as a factor to review the reasonableness of Fourth Amendment stop. But the definition of high crime area was not mentioned by the highest court, and therefore a lot of controversies were there during Illinois v Wardlaw case. After this incident, the need of defining high crime area was understood. According to them, high crime area could be defined based on three different parameters, such as: the area have to be marked by high degree of particularized criminal activities, the geographical boundary of that area have to be specified and thirdly the assigned police officer adjacent to that specific area should have knowledge about the boundary of the high crime area (Ferguson & Bernach, 2008, p.1586). According to Amar (1994), the Fourth amendment always calls for warrants and probable cause for any kind of police searches and exclusion of vehicle obtained illegally from any individual or group of people† (Amar, 1994, p.757). Carmen and Walker(2011), in their writing presented this case with analysis as how the fourth amendment was imposed on Wardlaw by the two police officer and whether it was justifiable or not. According to the

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Freedom of Speech Essay Originally rap music has been around since 1926 and was not as popular back then as it is now. Teenagers to adults listen to an average of two point five (2.5) maybe three (3) hours of music per day. Study shown in 1 of 3 of the songs played contains explicit language and reference to drugs alcohol or women. Ice Cube’s album entitled ‘Death Certificate’ sends messages that bluntly and descriptively threatens violence against homosexuals, women, whites who exploit blacks, whites who covet black women, Korean shopkeepers and police officers. Jon Pareles who wrote the article, ‘Should Ice Cube Voice be Chilled? ’argues from several different point of views on why Cube’s album should not be sold. The article also argues that his voice should be chilled because of violent lyrics and threats towards which it addresses. Jon Pareles made his argument by simply using different responses and groups to show why the album should not be sold and should be edited. For example, the Simon Wiesenthal Center is Jewish human rights group who demanded four major record stores chains to cease in selling the album. The called it ‘cultural Molotov cocktail’. After listening to it, the Center realizes how quickly this album is going to explode in the minds and ears of young and old listeners. Another example was ‘Black Korea’ which according to Ice Cube meant Korean shopkeepers who follow the customer throughout the store to ensure they do not steal. This section of the album did not just scratched below the surface but stirred a nationwide boycott. The Korean- American Coalition did not take this lightly, they condemned and deleted it. In an editorial review, a response by James Bernard favored censoring the lyrics because some people are too thin-skinned. Also, Mr. Bernard knew that these types of issue people are force to face on a day to day basis. Why did Ice Cube use such blunt and threatening lyrics? Ice Cube was born and raised in an area polluted with crime, violence and where trust was hidden underground. His inappropriate reactions and vengeance was all towards how he and his people were treated (bullied). Pareles describes this reaction of one that is simplistic and ugly because, this would not eradicate the problem but cause an escalation. The clear message of this album caught enough attention by the media and organizations to determine whether or not ‘Death Certificate’ should be heard at all. The question remains unanswered to curious critics, why are people buying ‘Death Certificate’. Some just savor the action like movie imagery that Ice Cube presents. His gift of violence attracts his listeners to buy the album. Ice Cube lyrics did have some effects on young listeners during the recession; gang involvement disillusioned. However, the majority of the listeners will just play loud music. Jon Pareles produced strong points from many different organizations, groups and individual views on why the album should be terminated. The writer never once critized Ice Cube but spectated his album as a whole. On the other hand, Pareles also agree that although Ice Cube does not have the most positive thinking, he has a right to be heard, but he is going to have to answer and be challenged for his thinking and decisions.

Coronary Heart Disease Essay Example for Free

Coronary Heart Disease Essay Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. There are many types of heart diseases that fall into this title. Two of the most popular forms of cardiovascular diseases are heart attack and stroke. The increasing amount of exposure of known risk factors for these diseases to young adults is why I feel it is necessary to promote what it takes to lead a heart healthy lifestyle in order to avoid becoming another statistic. I feel as though I did not choose this topic as much as it chose me, as 2 years ago my Father was hospitalized and underwent a Quadruple Heart By-pass surgery in order to remove the blood clots in his 4 main arteries. Knowing that this disease is partly hereditary I feel as though it is important to educate myself and others with early intervention steps that could keep you from being affected by any heart diseases. In my research I plan to introduce how heart diseases are caused and also the best prevention techniques to ensure that the number of people affected by Coronary Heart Diseases, specifically Heart Attacks, is falling each year instead of climbing. In my research I came across an article provided by the ProQuest Research Library entitled â€Å"Coronary Heart Disease: Primary and Secondary Prevention†. This article is a published study done by The College of Pharmacy and Drug Topics of the University of Florida and discusses the many â€Å"do’s† and â€Å"don’ts† in order to lead a heart healthy life. The focus of this article is to prevent your body to become a future hot spot for a heart disease. The article counters these risk factors with ways to prevent the â€Å"modifiable factors† from occurring. The article states that risk factors are classified as modifiable or non-modifiable. â€Å"Non-modifiable risk factors include age, family history, and gender. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome† (Brenner, Michael, and Allison Butcher). Most of these factors are obvious but some may be less known. Hypertension is the occurrence of high-blood pressure in your body, while dyslipidemia is the occurrence of high cholesterol. Diabetes mellitus can increase the risk of developing a heart disease by 2 to 4 times as likely. A second article I found through ProQuest was the scholarly journal provided by The New England Journal of Medicine titles â€Å"Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease†. This article provides a more detailed look into some prevention techniques used in order to stay healthy in both the physical sense, but in the long term heart health. An idea that this article brought the table was the â€Å"Prescription of Exercise†. â€Å"Preliminary data suggest that a regimen of low-intensity, prolonged, daily exercise, called â€Å"high-caloric training† because it maximizes the expenditure of calories, results in greater fat loss and greater modification of risk factors than does a regimen of more intense but briefer exercise sessions.† (Ades, Philip A) As mentioned in the statement, maximizing the length of time that you are exercising maximizes the fat/calories being burned in your work-out. This in the long run brings my researc h back to the facts stated in my first source, which states that improving the modifiable factors like obesity and physical inactivity can greatly reduce your risk if developing a heart disease. A third article that I found through the ProQuest Research Library was a scholarly journal published by the British Medical Journal entitled â€Å"Triggering a heart attack†. This article allowed me to shine a different light on my research as it discusses momentary impacts on your heart. This article was done in response to numerous news headlines that involved fatalities due to unexpected heart attacks and strokes during a physically and/or emotionally strenuous activity. This study focused on activities like jogging, shoveling snow, and swimming that have been commonly lead to cardiac death due to vigorous physical effort. This idea relates very similarly to that of the â€Å"Prescription of Exercise† idea stated in my other source. The relation between the two stems from the idea of the less beneficial short and strenuous activities and exercise in correlation to the recommended longer low-intensity activities and exercise. This article is proving that not only are the more strenuous and shorter periods of activity less beneficial, but they can also become fatal when asking the body to do too much. Coronary Heart Disease is the leading cause of death in The United States which is why I believe that it is crucial to educate others about the many risks that factor into such a group of fatal diseases in the heart. Thru ought my research I learned that it is often the less suspecting individual that can become a victim of a Coronary Heart Disease simply because he/she did not know what steps to take to lead a heart healthy lifestyle. In order to stop the constantly rising number of fatalities caused by heart disease, we must first become educated on how to prevent them from occurring in the first place. Works Cited Ades, Philip A. Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. The New England journal of medicine 345.12 (2001): 892-902. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Brenner, Michael, and Allison Butcher. Coronary Heart Disease: Primary and Secondary Prevention. Drug Topics 153.12 (2009): 50-9. ABI/INFORM Complete; ProQuest Research Library. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. Know Your Facts. York Weekly Record: 14. Jun 13 2006. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 23 Oct. 2012 Petch, M. C. Triggering a Heart Attack. British medical journal 312.7029 (1996): 459-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Study: Treatment Reduces Risk of Heart Attack by 70 Percent. FDA consumer 2002: 7-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 23 Oct. 2012 .

What Is Empirical Knowledge Philosophy Essay

What Is Empirical Knowledge Philosophy Essay Posteriori knowledge, or empirical knowledge is propositional knowledge obtained by experience or sensorial information. Posteriori knowledge is a contrast to priori knowledge, which is knowledge that is gained through the apprehension of innate ideas, intuition or pure reason. Debate has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. The traditional analysis of empirical knowledge states that you know that P if and only if you have empirically justified true belief that P.  [1]   You dont know why or have any idea of why reaction A follows situation B but you have seen it happen so many times that you know that is what is going to happen. I know how to drive a car in so far as I know that I use the accelerator to go and brake to stop and use the steering wheel to manoeuvre. I can get from A to B. In that respect I know how it functions in practice, but have little knowledge how cars actually work. Is it important to have knowledge of how things work? A person who knows how a car works doesnt automatically know how to drive or may not be a better driver because of his particular knowledge. Many people and animals live quite a happy existence oblivious to knowledge or complicated thought process. I have gained knowledge over the last eighteen years without knowing about empirical knowledge. The notion of innate ideas proposes that certain knowledge is present from birth. Empiricists would not want to deny that all bachelors are unmarried is a truth independent of experience, however they would deny that such a truth could be innate. For empiricists, the mind is a blank slate, Tabula Rasa. They believe that when we learn or experience things, it is as if the mind is being written on. Rationalists believe that the mind is similar to a computer, in which the hardware already has some functions, innate ideas, before the software, specific knowledge is loaded onto it. John Locke believed that our experiences provided us with what he termed simple and complex ideas. A fine example of a simple idea may include the redness of a rose. We thereafter use these ideas in order to understand the world. An example Locke gives, is If someone burnt their hand on a flame but also on a extremely cold piece of ice, then one would form the conclusion that it is not heat that is responsible for the burns, but the difference in temperature. Thus, Locke thinks that the simple sensations and experiences for the basis for more abstract ideas. Locke believed that knowledge could be of certain types depending on how ideas could be compared. Locke considered that the idea of black could be contrasted with that of white; and other ideas which share a common source, such as light and fire, which often go together. These ways of building up information, Locke thought are the main means by which we turn simple ideas into complex ones. Locke considered that there are three main types of knowledge. Intuitive, Demonstrative and Sensitive. Intuitive knowledge, black is not white is the most certain form of knowledge because it is the most difficult to doubt, and Locke argues that they are so obvious that we except them intuitively, as a priori. Demonstrative knowledge is when we begin to put simple ideas together and form complex ones, demonstrating something. Comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of a fire, one would be able to demonstrate that they are both made of similar substances. Locke argues that this form of knowledge i s posteriori. Sensitive knowledge, Locke argues, is the most uncertain because it relies merely on the evidence of senses. If I look to see how many chairs there are in another room, I am relying on sensitive knowledge, which although considered a posteriori, can easily be mistaken Rationalists argue by asking the question, that if one was to reject the idea that all of our knowledge comes from rational principles, how could we tell which of our perceptions are real or true? Lockes answer to this lies in the existence of primary and secondary qualities that an object has. Applying this theory to a table, Locke considers the tables primary qualities to be its size and shape, whereas the tables secondary qualities are produced by powers in the object itself, which act on our senses to produce sensations and impressions. The colour, taste, and temperature of the table are all examples of a tables secondary qualities. George Berkeley pointed out that if all we ever see are primary or secondary qualities, how do we know that substance really exists? Berkley believed that there may be no such thing are matter, a view called Idealism. Berkley thought that Locke and other philosophers had potentially opened the door to atheism and scepticism by this view of knowledge. Berkley attempted to show that rather than sensations of objects arising from powers in the object itself, the experiences were actually in the perceiver. Berkley argues that the object does not need to possess any powers with which it produces effects on our senses, because the object does not exist apart from our perception of it. Berkley adopts the sceptical argument that we do not see objects as they really are. Berkleys main argument was intended to show that it is possible for something to exist without being perceived. Berkley argues that it we cannot imagine what the perception of something must be like, we cannot really say that it exists. Berkley uses the idea to attack the notion of substance or matter, for if all the qualities that we ascribe to it are either primary or secondary qualities, can we actually say that the substance itself exists? David Hume disagreed with such philosophers as Descartes that the mind contained innate ideas. He also disagreed with the idea that we could be certain about anything outside our experience or the true nature of the world. Hume divided knowledge into what he termed relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas are analytic truths or priori statements that we cannot conceive of being otherwise, such as the statement 2 + 2 = 4 and All bachelors are unmarried. Matters of fact, however can be falsified. The statement The sun will rise tomorrow is extremely likely, however it is not impossible that it will not. considered the answer to this is to suggest the existence of what he calls primary and secondary qualities. Hume argues that all our knowledge of cause and effect came through habit. So, for instance, if we see the Sun rise it is not because it corresponds to some eternal and unchangeable law, but because we have seen it rise countless times what he terms, constant conjunction. Therefore, the more we have experienced things, the more certain they will be. Theoretical and practical knowledge and understanding and experience are different types of knowledge. I think there is an important distinction between knowing that and knowing how. People knew that things fell down long before they knew why or there was an explanation of gravitation. Such knowledge was empirical. Most assumed knowledge or studies of things are known as theories. Peoples ideas or take on things. Theory of evolution. Theory of relativity. Over time opinions are developed, they can be tested and become theories. Some theories become more certain and may become factual, but some remain doubtful or perceptions can alter, new light comes to ground that changes ones knowledge. Once it was thought that the earth was flat, and people could fall of the edge. Edmund Gettier called into question the theory of knowledge and the traditional definition of knowledge. Gettiers argument is that there are situations in which ones belief may be justified and true, yet fail to count as knowledge. He contended that while justified belief in a true proposition is necessary for that proposition to be known, it is not sufficient. According to Gettier, there are certain circumstances in which one does not have knowledge, even when all of the above conditions are met. Gettier proposed two thought experiments, which have come to be known as Gettier cases, as counter examples to the classical account of knowledge. He argued it is possible to arrive at an assumption based on belief which is deemed justified, but happens to be true only by chance, because the outcome was predicted for the wrong reason and so cant be classed to be knowledge. Responses to Gettier have been varied. Usually, they have involved substantive attempts to provide a definition of knowledge different from the classical one, either by redefining knowledge as justified true belief with some additional fourth condition, or as something else altogether. We are left a legacy of knowledge from those who have lived before us and thus accumulated knowledge over thousands of years. It would be impossible for any individual to experience all this knowledge first hand. I have learned that there is a difference between knowing that (facts and information) and knowing how (the ability to do something), because it is one thing to know what empirical knowledge is, but another to have the ability to convey this in an essay, to show this knowledge. In conclusion from continued observation things should become obvious. For things to become factual I guess they should be observed by several people and the same conclusion be deducted. Should one believe or trust other peoples conclusion of events? Or is it necessary to observe and test theories oneself in order to form ones own conclusions and gain knowledge. Im not really sure there is one conclusion to be made. It is possible to judge some things for ourselves but not all things because we dont have the means, time or inclination it would take forever, or longer ad infinitum. But is there such a thing as infinity anyway? One thing is certain I will never find out.

Humorous Wedding Speech Given by a Friend from Work :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech Given by a Friend from Work Ladies and gentlemen, thank you. And, on behalf of the bridesmaids, I’d like to thank Anthony for his kind words. I certainly agree that they did a great job today. And as for the rest of his speech, I always knew he’d be hard to follow – but I didn’t expect an unintelligible, mumbled noise. Oh well, it only goes to show that just when you think you know someone well, they go and surprise you. But in fact, I haven’t known Anthony for all that long. Anthony and I actually met about six years ago when we were working for the same company. In fact, it’s rather amazing that we have become such good friends, given the relatively few occasions back then that he actually bothered to turn up to work at all. But good friends or not, I do have a theory as to why he’s chosen me to be his best man and not one of his older friends. If you ask me, it’s because he didn’t want a best man who’d be able to tell you about all the embarrassing mishaps and misdemeanors of his youth. Like the time, aged 15, that he was invited round to have tea with his first girlfriend’s parents and managed to walk dog poo across their new living room carpet. I always thought that pale cream was an impractical colour for carpet. And, after that, afternoon, so did Sarah Bailey’s parents. And unfortunately for Anthony, Sarah herself found him to be a rather impractical boyfriend. And so that was the end of that. And I’m sure his choice of best man was similarly influenced by a desire to keep under wraps the post-A-level pub crawl that led to him spending a night in the cells after vomiting off a bridge onto the bonnet of a passing police car. Anthony, I hope you now see that it was never going to be that easy – which brings me onto your stag night. Now, the men in the room will be aware of what goes on at a stag do and Anthony's was certainly no different. We did all the usual things – museums, a cream tea, a classical concert and a trip to the theatre †¦ were not amongst them. But considering there were 12 lads hell-bent on giving him a night he’d never forget - but probably rather would forget if they’d got their way – I think I did a pretty good job of looking after him.

Beardless Children :: Arthurian Legends English Literature Essays

Beardless Children Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is considered to be one of the finest Arthurian romances in English. Unfortunately, the 14th-century author of the epic remains unknown. The poem describes a common game at the time the "Beheading Game," which turns out to be a great physical as well as moral challenge to the main character, Sir Gawain. The passage (130-202) of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight describes the appearance of a strange knight in King Arthur's court. The anonymous author of the epic describes the rider in great detail, emphasizing the importance of this character. The passage is intended to arouse readers' curiosity, and at the same time, to introduce the mighty danger that the main character, Sir Gawain, will have to face. Furthermore, the strange knight is shown to be a test or trial for King Arthur and his knights. Finally, the passage presents the actual dynamics of Arthur's court as incompatible with the poet's initial praising of nobility, justice and chivalric ideals. The Green Knight is clearly a magical figure. This strange rider is of green hue, and he is riding a green horse. Physically, the knight is presented as strong and of a great size: From broad neck to buttocks so bulky and thick, And his loins and his legs so long and so great, Half a giant on earth I hold him to be...(138 - 140). The author gives these characteristics to the character for a reason. Possibly, the author aims to arouse interest of the readers or to emphasize the danger that Sir Gawain is about to face. However, at this point of the story, the reader is unaware of the true identity of the Green Knight, which makes it more exciting to read the poem. The passage describes the great festivities in King Arthur's court during the celebration of Christmas. And already Arthur is portrayed behaving childishly, when he refuses to eat unless he hears an entertaining story: But Arthur would not eat till all were served; So light was his lordly heart, and a little boyish; And also a point of pride pricked him in heart, For he nobly had willed, he would never eat.

The Lord of the Flies as Social Commentary Essay -- Lord Flies Essays

The Lord of the Flies as Social Commentary    The Lord of the Flies is an ultimately pessimistic novel.   In the midst of the cold war and communism scares, this disquieting aura acts as a backdrop to the island.   The Lord of the Flies addresses questions like how do dictators come to power, do democracies always work, and what is the natural state and fate of humanity and society, getting at the heart of human nature in a very male-dominated, conflict-driven way.   The war, the plane shot down, and the boys' concern that the "Reds" will find them before the British, shows Golding's intention of treating the boys' isolated existence as a microcosm of the adult military world. I am plunged into Golding's imagined island world from the first sentence.   He uses lush description to build a setting that will contrast and reflect the boys' primitive descent.   The word "scar" describes the natural feature of the land, conjuring images of redness and blood from the first paragraph. The beautiful, yet often odd, descriptions help serve as a contrast between humans and nature.   The use of words like "scar" and "blood" foreshadows the future interaction between the boys and nature - the pigs, the hunt, the storm.   At the same time, the beauty and the order of the natural surroundings contrast with the decline of society developed throughout the book.   Integral to this setting is the fair-haired boy climbing the rocks, Ralph.   When Ralph meets Piggy, we notice the obvious differences between the two - the attractive and the fat, the daydreamer and the thinker. There is a moment when Piggy looks up at Ralph and sees the shadows on his face reversed.à ‚   This reverse of shadows seems to signify the missed initial connection between Piggy an... ...but ultimately signals a Navy cruiser. The fire, once signifying rescue and later used for destruction, becomes both. The novel ends in the adult perspective.   The officer is uncomfortable thinking about the savagery of the boys, and looks off to his cruiser in the distance while Ralph weeps for "the end of innocence, and the darkness of man's heart."   Golding is making a point about the hypocrisy of the civilization.   In reality, the world is just a larger version of the island.   The officer's comment on "the Coral Island" is also ironically significant in elevating The Lord of the Flies from a book about a group of lost boys on an island to a beautifully symbolic work of social commentary.   The view presented is dark and pessimistic, making its readers look deep inside their own human nature and at the structure of society in a frighteningly different light.

Aeriform Manned Remote Sensing Aircrafts Engineering Essay

By and large there has ever been a hold with aeriform manned distant feeling aircrafts due to unsuitable conditions conditions. But when compared to remote-controlled aircrafts which are much more efficient and dependable, remote-controlled dirigibles can wing subjacent and at a slower velocity which can take to sharper images. These factors besides assure high definition and accurate images which are much better than other manned or remote-controlled aircrafts. This undertaking will depict about types of dirigible, basic constituents for the remote-controlled dirigible which can be used for surveillance intent, photogrammetry system. There are two types of platform for remote-controlled aerial vehicles which is recognized for function and surveillance. They are distant controlled aerial vehicle and remote-controlled dirigible. This undertaking will concentrate on the ulterior type that is remote-controlled dirigible and its application in the field of appraising and function and bes ides other Scopess. Introduction By and large in present clip, photogrammetry is done through orbiters and aircrafts which are controlled by homo. However due to revolve of orbiter, it is hard to accomplish on timely footing. Besides upwind status can impact the consequences. In add-on it is hard to carry through photogrammetry undertaking through manned aircraft in heavy cloud conditions. Hence the usage of remote-controlled aerial vehicles and remote-controlled dirigible will be good for low height photogrammetry. Unmanned dirigible can wing at low height. In add-on they do n't necessitate any landing field for take-off every bit good as landing. Besides they can wing under cloudy conditions hence cloudy conditions has no consequence on dirigible. They can be commercialized as they are cost effectual and has flexible use. Airships travel at really slow velocity which makes it possible to get more clearer and focused images. Hence dirigible can be appropriate for several undertakings such as broad country function in small towns, little towns and other assorted sites. The chief benefit of an dirigible is that it can wing every bit low as 100 metres and can wing every bit slow as 40 kilometers in an hr. Hence high quality images can be captured which can assist to acquire high truth photogrammetry. This can be good achieved by dirigible than any aircraft.AirshipsAn dirigible is an aircraft which is lighter than air. It is besides known as steerable. An airship derives its push from an engine while lift is obtained from gases which is normally helium or hot gas. There are four types of dirigible. They are stiff building, semi-rigid building, and Non-rigid building and hot air Colonel Blimps.Rigid buildingRigid dirigibles have internal stiff construction. This type of design was used in Zeppelins and USS Akron and Macon. This type of construction is made with aluminium metal which maintains the form of dirigible. Rigid dirigibles are heavy. This type is merely suited when the dirigible length is more than 100 metres. Rigid dirigible have high weight to volume ratio hence it was efficient merely for big dirigibles. Rigid dirigibles can be developed by the usage of composite construction.Semi stiff buildingSemi stiff construction had the stiff construction on the lower portion i.e. keel of dirigible and above construction was formed by envelope which was pressurized by gases. There are two methods for attaching both the part. It can be done either by straight attaching both the construction automatically or lower keel subdivision can be suspended under the pressurized envelope. This type was more celebrated in the early decennaries. The dirigible named Italia, in which General Umberto Nobile ‘s attempted to make North Pole, used this type of building type. The other popular dirigible of this type is Brazilian dirigible named Alberto Santos Dumont.Non-rigid buildingThis type of building is common in usage in present yearss. This type of dirigibles is besides known as Colonel Blimps. The building has no stiff parts except rid er cabin and the tail fives. The construction is like a big gas balloon while the form is sustained by over force per unit area from interior. Non stiff dirigibles are used in present clip for advertizement. In USA, Goodyear, Budweiser and MetLife used this non stiff dirigible for advertizement. In Europe Fuji and in India, Vodafone late used this type of Colonel Blimps.Hot air Colonel BlimpsHot air Colonel Blimps have non-rigid building but they are considered as an independent sort. This type of dirigibles is besides known as thermic dirigibles. They are derived from conventional hot air balloons. This type of dirigible was developed by adding tail fives and engine to hot air balloons. However dirigible was shortly developed, length of envelops were increased and the hot air from the propellor was used to supercharge rudder and tail fives. The chief characteristic which was developed in this type is that latest hot air Colonel Blimps sustained their form by over force per unit are a from interior in the full dirigible envelope. This characteristic was absent in the early theoretical accounts. Airships fly on the Archimedes rule which states that raising force obtained from the fluid on the organic structure immersed in to it is equal to the mass of the fluid which is displaced. The dirigible if filled with gases like H, He or hot air. This provides lift to the dirigible which is equal to mass of the displaced air as the air has high specific weight compared to the gas filled inside the envelope of dirigible. The raising features of He, H and hot air can be given by pollex regulation which states that Hot air lift Hydrogen lift Helium lift 1 three-dimensional metre 300 gms 1100 gms 1000 gms 1000 three-dimensional pess 20 lbs 66 lbs 60 lbs These informations allows the alteration in tallness, humidness and temperature. Based on the demand, the volume of gas inside envelope can be increased or decreased to keep a peculiar height. Unlike hot air balloons, dirigibles have engine which helps to maneuver dirigible. Hence they are non much affected by impacts of air current. Helium expands as the tallness additions. It provides maximal lift to airship nevertheless engines besides increase lift along with ability to maneuver. Latest dirigibles are designed in a manner that they are able to execute low velocity tactic. They can be handled by little land squad. Latest unmanned dirigible can work independently and besides has the ability to vibrate over a peculiar country, which is a cardinal benefit for its usage in surveillance and function at lower height and communicating relay on higher heights. Research is carried out to develop remote-controlled dirigible which is believed to cheap permutations to satellite communicating.Basic constituentsThe chief constituents for the remote-controlled dirigible used for the photogrammetry at low height are winging platform, image detectors and informations processing system. Flying platform – it by and large comprise of remote-controlled He filled dirigible, flight control system ( car pilot ) , planetary placement system and besides land systems for communicating. Auto pilot, land system and remote-controlled dirigible are used to obtain safe and unafraid flight platform and besides for image sensor impact during aerial path. Whereas planetary placement system is incorporated to get accurate geographical co-ordinates of the location or site. High truth control can be obtained through T usage of planetary placement system hence a differential planetary placement system or individual point GPS can be used. Differential GPS is an augmentation to GPS which uses land station to convey the difference between the places shown by known location and the place obtained through orbiters. While individual point placement means the appraisal of the co-ordinates of a point on Earth, it can be on sea or land, in context to a specific co-ordinate system. Single point placement is calculated by comparing measuring from unknown co-ordinates with a known co-ordinate. Imaging sensors- imagination detectors has particular apparatus. It has broad angle camera which is really advantageous in appraising undertaking and besides in low height marks. It has four cameras which helps in bettering efficiency and besides increase image scope by 4 creases. In add-on it besides helps in geting high ratio 3 dimensional image which improves the truth of tallness measurings. Data processing system- photogrammetry system for remote-controlled dirigible at low height involves three stairss. First making a flight program harmonizing to operator ‘s demand and within the restriction of dirigible. Second winging an dirigible to designated country with the imagination equipment and geting images and in conclusion production of photogrammetric reappraisal and DEM and DOM by treating the obtained imagesPlatformUnmanned airship platform is accepted agencies for mapping. The demand for photogrammetry flight are that the tallness can be anyplace between 50 to 1000 metres and velocity in the scope of up to 50 kilometers per hr. The warhead of remote-controlled dirigible will be about 50 kgs and therefore size of the dirigible will be moderately little. Unmanned dirigible may hold remote pilot which will so hold manual remote operation along with car scheduling and car control maps. A simple constructed two dimensional platform is by and large constructed to mai ntain the camera detectors in the perpendicular place in mention to its optical axis. In China, remote-controlled He dirigible has been developed. This remote-controlled dirigible has assorted constituents such as commanding platform, pre-programmed flight commanding device, transmittal concatenation and land control monitoring system, station for berthing and In-field equipment for recycling of He gas which besides includes cartridges of He. This system integrated appropriate stable hardware intermixing platform. The main features are that this platform is light weight, little sized and recognized stable platform. In add-on the commanding system of this dirigible ‘s platform comprises of control system on land and there is speedy transportation of informations and even panel is charged quickly.Imaging detectorAn ultra-wide angle camera is built by the usage of four digital cameras, each in a different optical axis designed to obtain wider scope and better imaging capablenesss. The four digital cameras have particular design to hold overlapping sectors so that f our images from these cameras have high truth in footings of accommodation of comparative alliance constituents between these cameras. This will besides guarantee compensation of mistakes due to aircraft building and mechanical construction. After compensation, mistake can be reduced to 0.4 pels which is sort of really accurate image. This method is of import for remote-controlled dirigible as it helps to cut down the overall weight of imaging system. All the four cameras are calibrated accurately to counterbalance against any geometrical optical change. The chief advantages in utilizing extremist broad angle cameras are The increased efficiency to obtain big framed images at really low height flight Accuracy in height finding between any terrain and the land degree. Normal digital cameras are used in remote-controlled dirigible because of the weight factor and besides to guarantee that the system and package in remote-controlled dirigible are non complicated and are kept every bit easy as possible to avoid any ambiguity due to failure. The truth of stabilisation platform is low nevertheless this imagination system can bring forth high declaration images due to low height winging. In entire maintaining advantage and disadvantages in to consideration, it is acceptable that remote-controlled dirigible is more suited for photogrammetry, aerial study, monitoring and big country function. The broad angle camera system used for low height weighs about 15 kgs and hence it is really suited and meets the standard for this visible radiation and comparatively smaller remote-controlled aerial vehicles and remote-controlled dirigible. This remote-controlled dirigible is 20 metres in length and with diameter of 5 metres. Loading is designed to the weight of 50 kgs. It can travel up to tallness of 1000 metres with the velocity of 40-50 kilometers per hr and the continuance of flight will be 3 hours. This dirigible can defy the air current at the degree of 6 which is shown in figure. The imagination detector of this low winging remote-controlled dirigible can get images with 0.1 metre declaration at an height of 500 metres and 0.05 metre declaration at an height of 300 metres. The imaging detectors can take images in 0.6 square kilometre country at an height of 300 metres. This means that in an hr this dirigible can cover country of 30 square kilometers. The combination of four digital cameras which signifiers broad angle camera system is shown in figure Low height camera system includes the ultra-wide angle camera formed by the combination of four camera used at low heights, control system for clip fluctuation and stable platform which is shown in figure The combination system for camera besides ensures truth in height measuring and besides calibrates the cameras on its ain. The benefits of utilizing four camera combinations in topographic point of individual camera system can be seen in the tabular array which compares both types of system. Camera type Four camera system Single camera system Largest frame of image 11750 Ten 5504 4368 Ten 2912 Field angle/ grade of image 124 X 100 72 X 52 124 X100 Focal length/ millimeter 25 25 Flight control system package controls the land station every bit good as dirigible. It includes execution of designed way and independent pilotage.Aircraft flight programFlight program includes informations transition from calculated of acquired informations, standardisation of informations and job related to visual image of informations.Preparation of flight programPreparation is to be done to get cognition about local terrains, clime, and humidness of air, conditions conditions, air current alteration etc. at a peculiar clip, and usage of distant feeling informations or map, location of the part and latitude and longitude from GPS system. The information of terrain is used to gauge the safe tallness for dirigible while weather status clime and air current affects flight public presentation.Visual image of way informationsThe path should be planned if possible in manner such that flight is in analogue to air currents particularly in monsoon where the air currents are really strong. If parallel flight program is non possible so path should be planned in a manner that strong air currents are avoided. This strong air current can blockade flight and can impact place of dirigible and besides affect the image quality. The needed information is fed in to flight control package. The package generates the graphical interface for the path after the transition of informations. Overlap maps with the generated graphical interface by the package based on the demand of the path in the peculiar country. The path can be designed to be accurate and secured by adding manner points along with the GPS points. While be aftering height, choice of imaging detector is an of import standard. Altitude is to be planned harmonizing to demands. To get images of terrain, hill or township zone, the scope of low height broad angle camera can be given as 2H ten 2H. The acquisition of the image along the flight path can be in the interval of 1.6 H. the nucleus image can be of better quality with declaration of more than 0.2 meters if the tallness H is 300 meters and the images along the path are overlapped by 25 % with the neighboring path image and the interval of exposure is kept 0.4HUnmanned dirigible operations demandsUnmanned dirigible used for photogrammetry system is high engineering winging system. Hence this undertaking requires a proper planning to guarantee the lastingness of undertaking. The chief facet in developing this undertaking will be effectual planning, execution and examination. All the facet must be taken attention. The factors to be considered for this undertaking are Performance of undertaking Administrative planning Development of operation Effective program for all stages of the undertaking Quality confidence Hazard involved and preventative stepExecutionExecution of undertaking can be ensured by sing following stairss: Approach based on needed equipment. All the compulsory and needed equipment must be installed. Pre-flight readying which includes cheques on dirigible, proper proportion of He and proper operation of installed constituents. All the equipment such as distant accountant, detector equipment, land equipment, communicating equipment etc. are to be checked before the dirigible is send on to the class. Execution of the informations acquisition and photogrammetry procedure Once the undertaking is accomplished, the dirigible must be brought back to the land station and should be decently landed. Care activitiesMonitoringThe dirigible flight must be monitored on all the stages and record must be maintained against the status encountered. This is really indispensable for the safety of whole operation. This monitoring procedure increases the aid to supply proficient support. Datas obtained must be kept in database with proper certification so that any old status can be monitored easy.Image informations processing and Photogrammetry procedureChinese academy of appraising and function has developed package known as MAP-AT i.e. modern aerial triangulation package. This package deals with the current cameras, digital cameras and low height cameras. This package computes overlap, angle, graduated table of images etc. This package besides computes the atilt exposure, perpendicular aerial images, complex multiple mention photographical images way. Large sector beam alterations can be made up to 10000 images automatically by the usage of triangulation web through multiple vision image matching. Digital lift theoretical account ( DEM ) and digital orthoimage ( DOM ) can be created by this package with the aid low high declaration images obtained at low height and precise aerial place. A particular plan is developed which is known as aerial triangulation. The main features of this package are: – General digital cameras are calibrated to high preciseness for any geometrical mistakes by this plan This plan uses the combination of informations from GPS and acquired image to develop geographical relation in the designed flight program along the flight program and environing boundaries. This plan automatically selects and calculates all the points in the trigon web. figure Huge block alterations solve the geometrical relation of acquired images in multiple positions with the aid of least square standard method. This plan automatically detects any harsh inaccuracies with the aid of legion terminated observations. This plan calculates the consequence from the regulator points and positioning elements to get mapping declaration of 1:1000, 1:1500 or 1:2000 graduated tables. Figure point 3 Figure point 4 MAP-AT package has four constituents, they are: Automatic aerial triangulation Automatic digital surface theoretical accounts production Automatic digital lift theoretical account production Automatic digital orthophoto map productionDigital surface theoretical account ( DSM ) productionDigital surface theoretical accounts are geographical charts of the Earth ‘s surfaces, over which necessary informations can be overlapped, which give accurate geometrical orientation frame. Apart from the geographical landform, characteristics like edifices, roads, seas, forest etc. are besides incorporated in digital surface theoretical accounts. DSM is used to develop 3 dimensional maps, systems based on support site, enhance practical environment and line of sight rating. In add-on, DSM can besides be used to attest that geographical maps along with other maps such as main roads and roadways have high preciseness and their truth can be ensured.Digital Elevation Models ( DEMs ) productionThe acquired multi directional images after aerial triangulation are re arranged automatically to be divided into simple parts as in the normal Orthodox photogrammetry. After that, image fiting automatically generates the DSM in each unit. In this procedure, manual operation is required to divide specific location point such as points on the edifice to bring forth digital lift theoretical account. Fully established Digital lift theoretical account is made by associating all the units.Digital orthophoto map production ( DOM )Based on the consequences obtained from digital lift theoretical account and the alignment unit, digital orthophoto map are automatically produced. Merely the in-between part of image is taken to be converted into orthophoto image as most of the image imbrication is obtained from picture taking in the winging way. Several researches have been carried out in the function system for remote-controlled aerial vehicles by carry oning several experiments. An experiment was conducted on agribusiness country of 40 square kilometers and from the tallness of 1000 metres for the production of digital orthophoto map. The consequences produced a preciseness of standard 1:2000 DOM. This DOM was so used for disposal of land. Similarly digital orthophoto map of graduated table 1:500 was applied to urban planning within 1 square kilometre country. In add-on, an experiment was carried out for the intent of 3 D metropolis modeling in the country of 60 square kilometers incorporating more than 20,000 blocks. This consequence can be examined in practical world plan and besides this theoretical account proved helpful in urban planning. These experiments show that when this system is incorporated in dirigible so it can be used in assorted Fieldss.ApplicationUnmanned dirigible used for low height photogrammetry is an of import assistance for 3 dimensional informations acquisition. The remote-controlled dirigible has advantages of observing high menace zones such as fire in wood or any other risky state of affairs.It is cost effectual and it does non necessitate much cost for its fabrication, its operation every bit good as care. It is dependable manner to reassign images every bit good as other informations on timely footing. It is strong encouragement to remote feeling from orbiters and besides from general aerial vehicles. A really strong web can be established by the coordination of all these systems. These systems can set up a monitoring web which can run into to current fleet economic growing. Menaces and other undertakings have increased and to get by up with them, these webs can be utile. In other words these are necessary for clip reactive characteristic of exigency control. Conventional picture taking is ever dependent on the landing field and atmospheric conditions. It is besides expensive and its cost additions with long continuance which restricts the development of the digital photogrammetry in big graduated table geographics. Operators by and large use full range informations acquisition methods for smaller country of less than 20 square kilometers for geographic function undertaking. The remote-controlled dirigible used for the photogrammetry system has a speedy reaction and are really cost effectual in footings of imaging cameras. The imagination detectors are dependable and by puting the aperture of lens and shutter velocity, their truth can be increased. The package for processing of image besides improves the quality of images. The digital cameras which are used as broad angle camera can better the quality to acquire right coloring material by puting the sensitiveness ISO. The puting such as contrast, brightness and other characteristic can as sist to acquire better consequences in cloudy or dim light status to acquire high definition coloring material images. Hence even little scope of country can bring forth high quality digital images in big scale geographic function intent. This helps in increasing efficiency and cut down work burden. The images from aerial picture taking can be worked at workstation and consequences can be obtained. This photogrammetry system can be used to obtain digital orthophoto map ( DOM ) , digital line graphic ( DEM ) , digital terrain theoretical account ( DTM ) , digital surface theoretical account ( DSM ) and other theoretical accounts. With the development of remote-controlled dirigible used for photogrammetry system at low highs, it will be extensively used in function and appraising in assorted Fieldss as environmental land study, exigency reaction function, meteoric, marine and assorted other Fieldss.

American Infrastructure

American cornerstone-Now or never Beca hold of the poor state of the economy the burster American groundwork has been ignored, which poses a jeopardy to every bingle that come in contact with it. recent disasters meet reminded many how important the perplexity of American infrastructure is. Americas infrastructure look ats a pock of D from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), which recommends that we drop dead $2. 2 trillion on repairs and maintenance. very frequently of America is held together by sparing tape, bailing wire and prayers, says director of the Fels Institute of giving medication at the University of Pennsylvania.But with the country no clock time-consuming swimming still dr take ining in debt the upkeep of things such as roads and bridges, which we use every day, are easily overlooked. microphone Pagano, an urban planning expert at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said We have persuade ourselves that infrastructure is free, that som eone else should be remunerative or that we have paid our share. champion must stop overlooking the problems that one knows exist simply because the consequences are non immediate. Crumbling infrastructure has a direct preserve on our personal and sparing health, and the state of matters infrastructure crisis is endangering our nations emerging prosperity, D. Wayne Klotz. According to the U. S. Department of expatriate much than one in quad of Americas nearly 600,000 bridges need meaningful repairs or are burdened with much concern than they were designed to carry. A third of the countrys major roadways are as well in less than monetary standard measure up which data from the National completelyey Safety Administration finds plays a agentive role in a third of to a greater extent than 43,000 traffic fatalities.Along with the Association of submit dkm Safety Officials finding that the number of dams that could endure has grown more(prenominal) that 134 percen t since 1999 to 3,346 and more than 1,300 of those being high-hazard meaning their failure would venture lives. When a council of 28 civil engineers evaluated 15 infrastructure categories on the basis of capacity, condition, financial bear, future need, operation, maintenance, public safety and resilience wet received the lowest grade. ASCE gave U.S imbibition water, upcountry waterways, levees, roads and wastewater infrastructures. The shroud they generated estimated that leaking pipes station up seven jillion gallons of clean drinking water a day Infrastructure is the four-syllable jawbreaker that governments use to describe the concrete, stone, steel, wires and wood that Americans hope on every day but barely notice until something goes awry (Kelderman). collect to the state of the economy many law securers arrange the coin need to keep infrastructure properly taken care of into things comparable defense.The federal official Clean piddle State Revolving Fund, whi ch makes low interest loans to clean up or protect water supplies, has shrunk from more than $3 one zillion million in 1990 to virtually $1 billion in 2007 (Kelderman). The report also suggests that in that respect is an $11 billion dollar shortfall annually ask to bring facilities up to current federal water formulas. As verbalise in the bind The State of the Union-Crumbling, the nation is expenditure less than 40 percent of the $225 billion needed annually for the next 50 years to maintain the current clay of roads, rails and bridges and build large transportation capacity for a maturement population.In the past ten years there have been many infrastructure failures that make you wonder when the government will get serious about the issue at hand. Not paying attention to the condition of infrastructure has proven to be fatal. The article The State of the Union- crumbling confirms that on Aug. 1 2007 the interstate 35 bridge in downtown Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi river, kill thirteen people. steam pipe explosions in Midtown Manhattan last pass killed one and disrupted many.In March 2006 the Kaloko artificial lake dam in Hawaii collapsed killing seven and causing $15 million in damages. In 2005 after Hurricane Katrina the levees belongings back Lake Pontchartrain gave way killing more than a thousand. Imperative calls have been make to prevent anymore catastrophes due to failing infrastructure but not much has been do. Money is still being put into things like defense which many politicians find oneself is more important. But if we keep neglecting our own home we may have zilch but half mangled buildings to defend. Our leaders are looking for solutions to the nations current economic crisis. Not exclusively could investment in these critical foundations have a positive impact, but if done responsibly, it would also provide tangible benefits to the American people, such as reduced traffic congestion, improved air quality, clean and voluminous water supplies and protection against natural hazard. ASCE prexy D. Wayne Klotz stated. A report from Kansas City second based HNTB corp. ound that 74 percent of Americans would be willing to spend more on various transportation expenses or taxes if the money was put toward semipermanent transportation improvements. more(prenominal) than half (58 percent) of Americans would pay more distributively month, an average of thirteen dollars per month, to reduce the time they spend in traffic by twenty percent. ASCE President D. Wayne Klotz also stated that Infrastructure investment at all levels must be prioritized and executed tally to well conceived plans that both complement the guinea pig vision and focus on carcass wide outputs.Goals of the plan should center on freight and passenger mobility, intermodality, water use, environmental stewardship and encouraging resiliency and sustainability. The plans must consult a violate defined traffic circle of fe deral, state, local, and private sector roles and responsibilities and instill better discipline for setting priorities and focusing funding to solve the most pressing problems. The plans should also complement our broad national goals of economic egression and leadership, resource conservation, energy independence, and environmental stewardship.Infrastructure plans should be synchronized with regional impose use planning and related regulation and incentives to promote non-structural as well as structural solutions to mitigate the growing implore for increased infrastructure capacity. A long-term infrastructure plan can hold dear productive growth in our economy, sustainable growth that furthers energy independence and truly solutions to climate change and comprehensive growth so that low and moderate-income families have nettle to opportunity.And studies show that American citizen realize the importance and are willing to pay their second-rate share of the cost so the ju st thing missing now is action. working Cited Kelderman, Eric. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew center(a) on the States. N. p. , 16 Jan. 2008. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http//www. pewstates. org/projects/stateline/headlines/the-state-of-the-union-crumbling 85899387455. ruin to Act. Rep. N. p. n. p. , n. d. 2011 Report Card. American Society ofCivil Engineers, July 2011. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http//www. asce. org/infrastructure/report-card/economic-study/. American infrastructure receives D grade on ASCE report card. Clean Water Report 4 Feb. 2009 2. General OneFile. Web. 2 Nov. 2012 Infrastructure, Infrastructure. Transport Topics. 3967 (2011) 6-. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Americans support infrastructure investment. American City County 1 May 2011. General OneFile. Web 2 Nov. 2012.

My Beach Memories

Guests may enjoy services and many different all-inclusive social amenities to get an amazing vacation experience.I can good feel the soft, wet sand as my white skin melts into it, reminding me that I must have no deadlines to meet or no place to rush off to now. The cool, crisp water feels exhilarating as it rushes over my body.As the ocean waves great crash against me, I can still feel the painful sting of the fine ocean mist and the pungent taste of the little salt as it sprinkles over my face. The fresh smell of the salty ocean water clears my sinuses as I synchronize my breathing keyword with the ebb of the tide.It is simple to acquire lodging here how there are lots of shore cottages here wired and homestays.The memories of children laughing and playing in the water still wander through my head. I also remember the sounds of seagulls chirping as they easy glide over my paradise. Having not a care in the world, could there be a more wonderful place? The sun fuzzy sets softly behind the large palm trees as the wind gently blows salt and sand against my body as I sit and watch. The fresh air turns cooler as the night begins.

Ocean eastern shores have waves that are bigger.These fond old memories are my pathway to escape extract from reality. Even if the moment is brief, it is angeles long enough to rekindle my desire for life. Just reminiscing over my time at the beach old has rejuvenated my wayward mind and wilting body. I can go back to my happy same place any time I desire.Obviously, you must make it into the shore.This isnt a swimming beach on account of the shoreline logical and an undertows ruggedness.

Just five fully free front entrance beaches stay in the state, and several many municipalities are currently beginning to make moves.Rivers and tidal marshes offer different surroundings.Have an outstanding excursion.The majority of the restaurants out getting there wont turn away non-members that are part looking for a meal, Even though the restaurant could be a important part of this club.

Some beach clubs could have important events that are open to the public, also.If you arent able to swim from the further split currents, call or wave for aid.Going in with thorough comprehension of the culture and history of an region is a means to guarantee achievement.Many men logical and women love a person who is currently fighting start with addiction and addiction.