Dilemma in Field Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dilemma in Field Work - Essay Example If Cash accepts, Jordan should try and collect the required data from the area Cash was assigned and try to compare them with the Cash’s computed data. If the date comparison seems to be correct, Cash should steal be reported to the head of the department to be fired from the project. Citing article 2b of the Principles of Professional Responsibility; that is, given that the project was to have direct public application policy formulation, Cash had neglected his duty to the project as well as to the public. Article 2b states that â€Å"an anthropologist should not knowingly falsify or color his findings"(Cassell & Jacobs, pp. 34). If Cash is not fired because of the similarity on the data collected by him and those collected by Jordan, Jordan should develop arrange for database verification in Cash’s region. Two students should be hired who will interview all information reported by Cash. These interviews results will be stored in a separate file until the completion of the projects field portion. At the analysis time, the data collected by Cash will be compared to that collected by the students in the same region. If there would be a difference in the two data, this will be an indication of falsified data by Cash. The student’s data will be used to replace Cash’s one and he would be requested to return all the payment made to him which he won’t reject as there is enough evidence to support that. Once the situation had developed, Smith had little recourses. The direct argument with the adviser was not the best option. Chances were high that he may just laugh at Smith knowing that there was no proof to support that. The adviser is one of the staffs in the university, getting of support for Smith from the department could be tough. This is because this will portray the department as having being involved in plagiarism.  

Hypothesis Testing Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Testing Essay In today’s world of statistical research there is a multitude of ways to make new discoveries and formulate new ideas; one way to accomplish this is for researchers to have inquiring minds that need to have their questions answered. To do this they must develop their hypothesis. Then researchers can develop a verbal and numerical hypothesis in which they will be able to test this hypothesis. In patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there seems to be a malfunction in the brain cells to soak up dopamine, which can lead to ADHD, it causes the patient to lose the ability to focus or retain any attention span (Allan, 2012). Team A will show the statistical outcome of diet versus traditional medications. Common treatments and side effects will be discussed in another slide, along with the importance of eating a balanced diet with â€Å"clean† foods. Results show that eating a high-protein diet with complex carbohydrates and foods with Omega -3 fatty acids seem to play a role in alleviating ADHD symptoms. What seems to do good things for our brains seems to do good things for those that suffer from ADHD. Avoiding foods that are simple carbohydrates like candy, sugars, and foods made with white flour is a good idea, as these foods seem to make matters worse. ADHD and Diet Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is a developmental disability that usually presents in early childhood and results in a persistent and chronic pattern of learning impairment in school, in social settings, and in daily adaptive functioning. The lasting pattern of inattentiveness and/or uncontrollability or recklessness is more often exhibited and more relentless than which is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of physical and emotional development. In adulthood, ADHD can affect an individual’s work, behavior, social life, and relationships. ADHD tends to reflect an individual’s normal behaviors but at an exaggerated level. This causes difficulty focusing, following through on tasks, meeting deadlines, and the ability to stay motivated especially during tasks that are tedious and extraneous (Duca, 2010). Some research has shown that diet can have an effect on the symptoms of ADHD. In the past 15 or more years more information has been found linking nutrients with ADHD. Researchers are considering multiple etiologies in regards to the development of ADHD and it has become more evident that diet does play a major role in the foundation of ADHD. Studies have shown that the brain abnormalities that individuals with ADHD have been shown to have are not preprogrammed but instead are a manifestation of genetic susceptibilities to noted risk factors including diet and malnutrition. Particular individuals may be genetically heightened necessities for certain nutrients. When these individuals do not receive these nutrients in their diet they are more vulnerable to the brain abnormalities associated with ADHD (Duca, 2010). Conventionally ADHD is treated with stimulant medications such as Ritalin, Focalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall. These medications work by enhancing the transmission of nor epinephrine and dopamine in the brain but they do not come without side effects such as loss of appetite, insomnia, irritability, depressive symptoms, headaches, fatigue, and nausea. Most of the psychological and conventional medical community does not support nontraditional treatments such as nutrient supplementation, diet manipulation, and environmental and food elimination because they do not feel that there is enough research to show that these methods can permanently alter the symptoms of ADHD (Duca, 2010). From a dietary viewpoint ADHD prevention begins early in life during the first three years when brain growth is rampant. Diet plays an important role during this time to support brain health. Research has shown that the underlying contributor to the etiology of ADHD is imbalances in a child’s diet. A balanced diet free of preservatives, processed sugars, and potential food allergens is helpful in the prevention and intervention of ADHD. A diet rich in organic whole foods, fresh vegetables and fruits, abundant in mineral and phytonutrients, and rich in essential fats are important (Duca, 2010). Numerical and Verbal Hypothesis Statement Based on previously acquired research on how a healthy diet of clean non processed foods can help to lessen the symptoms of ADHD Team A has decided to test this theory to see if it is accurate. The research hypothesis that Team A has created is that: Eating a healthy â€Å"clean† diet can help to lessen the symptoms of ADHD. On the other hand the null hypothesis would claim that a healthy diet has no effect on the symptoms of ADHD and would be just as effective as if the subject ate a diet of 100% processed foods. In order to complete this test Team A will have two populations of people to research, population one will be made up of six people who are all on a diet of pre-chosen healthy foods. Population two will be made up of six people who are not following the specified healthy diet and instead eating what could be considered â€Å"junk† food or â€Å"bad† food. Team A’s hypothesis written in numerical form has to start with identifying  µ=the mean symptoms present in those eating healthy. We will also have to restate the hypothesis which would be written out as (H1)  µ1  µ2, simply meaning that the mean of population one will be less then population two. This should be able to prove that population one (the healthy eating group) will have less symptoms than population two (non healthy eating). The null hypothesis states (H0)  µ1 =  µ2 which means that population one will equal population two and there will be no difference between the groups symptoms as a result of changing their diets. Using this information we will be able to properly show a breakdown of the five steps of hypothesis testing that Team A will follow. Five Steps of Hypothesis Testing Five steps are involved in hypothesis testing. The point of the steps is to either prove or to disprove the questions involved. They are useful in evaluating the solutions of an issue or research opportunity. An example is a possible correlation between attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and diet. The first step of process includes identification of a null hypothesis and variables involved, or more simply, stating the issue being studied. This is a comparison of two categories. Step one is this case claims that poor diet or malnutrition partnered with genetic susceptibilities potentially do not influence brain abnormalities which are associated with ADHD. The independent variable is diet and is categorical. The dependant variable is ADHD symptoms which are continuous (Davis 2007). The second step of the process involves specifying an alternative hypothesis which suggests a difference of the variables. Our null denied symptoms of ADHD influenced by diet. The alternative to this is that ADHD symptoms decrease with improved diet. Therefore, the two groups of our sample, or the two categories of diet are poor diet and good diet (Davis 2007). Step 3 of this process involves setting a significance or alpha level. In other words, determine the degree to which error is allowed. Type I is alpha and Type II is beta. The confidence level involves type I or type II errors. Whether or not diet influences ADHD symptoms is the question. When the truth is that diet indeed does influence (H0), selecting does not (Ha) would be a Type I error. If the truth is diet does not influence (Ha), then selecting that it does (H0) would be a Type II error (Davis 2007). The fourth part of the process involves calculating the probability of the hypothesis occurring. If this probability ends up being equal to our significance level (alpha/beta) then our null hypothesis that poor diet does not influence brain abnormalities associated with ADHD. If the null is rejected then the alternative is accepted but never with 100% certainty. The fifth and final step is simply describing the results of the study and stating our conclusion in relation to the original question (Davis 2007). Team A’s researcher referenced a study linking dietary needs to improve the functions and abilities for children that suffer with ADHD. Research shows that a contributing factor with ADHS is dietary imbalance in children beginning at a young age of around 3 years old. A balanced diet is said to help improve this imbalance, when the dietary needs are met using whole foods rich in mineral and phytonutrients with rich essential fatty oils (Duca, 2010). Being that the research showed underlying contributions this motivated Team A to further our investigation. Team A already had the knowledge that healthy eating led to proper body function and mechanics, but how dietary could needs improve the functions and abilities of children that suffer with ADHD is what Team A wanted to research further. Team A found that the side effects from medications lead to some disturbing results such as loss of appetite, insomnia, irritability, depressive symptoms, headaches, fatigue, and nausea. This is no way for a child to live and if symptoms can or even have the slightest ability to controlled, then proper diet with â€Å"clean† foods should be the way to proceed. References Allan, S. (2012). The Brain, Nutrition and ADHD. Retrieved from http://www.sevencounties.org/ website. Duca, R. (2010). Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Nutritional Perspectives: Journal Of The Council On Nutrition, 34(4), 5-16. Davis, B.L. (2007). Decision Rule for Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved from http://home.chpc.utah.edu/ website.

Dengue Fever and the Immune System

Dengue Fever and the Immune System Dengue virus cause variable range of dengue shock syndrome with fatal dengue varies from undifferentiated. Because of the increasing incidence and geographical distribution of dengue in the past 50 years, dengue has become increasingly recognized as one of the main infectious diseases in the world. This research will study the aspects of immune system and dengue. Also offers the importance of dengue virus infection and discusses the current knowledge of dengue fever. Dengue is a disease caused by a mosquito of dengue virus. In the last century, the dengue goes up in severity of illness and the geographical distribution is now the most common infections of human Arthropod-borne viruses in the subtropical and subtropical regions of the world. Dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries around the world. It causes nearly 50 to 100 million cases per year, including 250,000 to 500,000 dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. World Health Organization reveal that the two fifth of world population is at a threat of dengue virus infection. It was stressed that globalization and climate change has a major impact on the emergence of dengue virus in new areas. Dengue is also a major economic burden on affected areas, with annual cost estimated at several billion dollars. Since there is no vaccine against dengue virus, is the primary means of preventing diseases targeting mosquito vectors and to break the cycle of transmission. This requires a large and well-organized, as well as financing of intervention programmes. Although there are programmes in countries affected, in Sri Lanka, which is currently in service in disease vector control strategies were not sufficient to combat dengue. New tools and novel approach are therefore urgently needed. The incubation period of dengue is around four days. A person about to reduce fever and to provide occasional macular or maculopapular rash. It was difficult to distinguish dengue viral diseases, person usually recovers 5 days. In the most serious cases, fever and rash are accompanied by headache, ritrorbital pain, myalgia, back pain, sore throat and abdominal pain. Becoming lethargic patients suffering from anorexia and nausea. The DHF as dengue hemorrhagic fever has similar incubation period and number same symptoms. However, the fever is more severe and the tiredness and lethargy more extreme. The patient may increase vascular permeability and abnormal balance. This can cause the individual to reduce the volume of blood, leading to low blood pressure and go in dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and die. Dengue virus infection continues to present a major and escalating global public health problem. Fight against vectors of the programs have been largely unsuccessful or local benefits in the short term only and therefore will continue to develop the vaccine is likely to be the most effective control strategy. Diseases of infection by the dengue and participation apparent protective immune response and disease has proven to be complex and difficult to understand and therefore required more research on these subjects. It is recognized that important steps to accelerate the dengue fever vaccine established an international network of centers for the clinical trial. Evaluation of vaccine experimentation is time-consuming and therefore you should not stop this process by theoretical considerations. Then only will be an initiative of the dengue vaccine in children in a position to assess the effectiveness of a variety of weapons to use in the fight against dengue. 1.0 Introduction Dengue fever is a disease caused by virus which is carried by mosquitoes. Then, these mosquitoes transmit the virus to humans. The virus that causes dengue fever has called an arbovirus, which is the short form for viruses transmitted by arthropods. Mosquitoes are arthropod type insects. Mosquitoes transmit this virus and responsible for passing it along to humans in a several areas. These countries include the Far East, Middle East, Africa, the Islands Caribbean and countries of Asia such as the India, Sri Lanka and the Thailand. In these areas, Arboviruses of dengue fever is widespread, which means that the virus naturally and repeatedly and repeatedly lives at those countries (1). To understand how the dengue fever is transmitted, several conditions must be defined. The meaning of the word host is an animal or human that can be affected with a particular disease. The meaning of the word vector is a body that can carry a particular virus causing agent such as a virus or bacteria with no actually develop the disease. The vector can then go by the virus or bacteria to a new host (2), (3). Most common diseases include the cold, many viral causes of diarrhea and flu or the influenza spread because the viruses that cause these diseases can be transmitted directly from one person to another. However, dengue fever cannot be transmitted directly from one person infected with another. The dengue virus must need an intermediate vector, a mosquito which takes the virus from one host to one more. The mosquito that takes the Arboviruses, reliable for dengue fever is the similar kind of mosquitoes that can transmit other diseases such as yellow fever. This mosquito is named as Aedes egypti. The more often victims are children less than 10 years (4). 2.0 Dengue Viral Infection When a person feeds by an infected mosquito, it injected dengue virus in the bloodstream. The virus infects close to skin cells called keratinocytes the most common type in skin cells. The dengue virus has also infected and reproduced within a specialized immune cell in the skin, a dendritic cell type called a Langerhans cell (5). Langerhans cells detect the pathogenic invaders and display molecules from the pathogens known as Antigen, on their surface. Langerhans cells then pass through to the lymph nodes and warn the immune system to prompt immune response as a pathogen inside the body. Lymph nodes are small organs that placed all the way through body, linked by vessels that form a set of connections named as lymphatic system (6). Lymph nodes are located in the body to help the fight against infection of immune cells. 3.0 The immune response When a pathogen as dengue virus invades the human body, the body to defend itself by defense of the body against pathogenic invaders is the immune system, which consists of two parts. First part is called as the innate immune system and it provides the body with urgent and regular defense to any pathogen that invading. The innate immune responses quickly identify and react against to pathogens. However it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t afford a person with immunity in the long term against an invasion of pathogens. Second part of the immune system called as the adaptive immune system generates cells that target more precisely and effectively towards pathogens and affected cells. The cells created by the Adaptive immune system consist of some B cells secreting antibodies and cytotoxic t cells. Immunoglobulin or Ig antibodies concealed by the cells B specially recognize and attach to foreign molecules. Cytotoxic T cells kill cells that are affected with pathogens. Adaptive immune system spends much time to react pathogens that invades the innate immune response (7), (8), but it is a person with immunity against a pathogen in long term. 4.0 Dengue Virus Tricks the immune system When the dengue virus infected mosquito bites the skin of the person, then the person also becomes a dengue infected. The dengue virus infects Langerhans cells, a type of dendritic cells in the skin. Infected cells of Langerhans produce interferons can help to limit the continued spread of the infection. Other infected cells to travel to the lymph nodes carrying viruses that infect more cells of Langerhans. Viremia is resulted by the spread of dengue virus when the high level of bloodstream affected. In order to fight against infection, the immune system construct antibodies to defuse the virus particles of dengue and the complement system is enabled for antibodies and white blood cells to get rid of virus. The immune response also consists of cytotoxic T cells also called as lymphocytes that identify and destroy infected cells. Langerhans cells once infected by dengue virus, they travel on the site of the infection of the skin to lymph nodes. The immune system responds to Infected Langerhans cells are viral antigens of dengue fever on their surface, which enables the innate immune response in alerting the two types of white blood cells called macrophages and monocytes that fight against the virus. In general, monocytes and macrophages consume and wipe out pathogens. But as an alternative of destroying the dengue virus, both of white blood cell types are pointed and infected from the virus. Dengue virus tricks the immune system to circumvent the protection and affect more cells (9). As the affected monocytes and macrophages to go through the lymphatic system, the dengue virus spreads all the way through the body. Throughout his trip, the dengue virus infects lots of cells, including lymph nodes and bone marrow macrophages of the spleen, liver and blood monocytes. Widening and the spread in the outcome of vir us Viremia is a situation in which there the bloodstream contains a high level of dengue virus. Mainly there are four different tensions of dengue virus. These strains are very similar, therefore the immune system recognizes all after seeing one. But the recognition is not protection. Each T cells of humans are automatically identified a specific model or an Antigen. In the first viral infection will be captured and processed by the above mentioned antigen presenting cells. These viruses will be open to T cells forcing them to become activated. And even the B cells will meet their floating free Antigen and make active. B cells create antibodies. They are used to tag the virus to encourage their uptake by macrophages called as opsonisation and inactivate them (10). The first infection is identified as dengue fever and lasted 6 or 7 days (11). Its symptoms closely look like as a severe flu. Most people get over it with no incident. If one person become affected from fever again things could leave in the wrong. Four types of dengue strains that all are extremely similar. If you are infected with a dissimilar strain that you met the first time, you contract dengue hemorrhagic fever. The reason for happening this is it turns out that the first infection antibodies attach to virus particles but not inactivate them. The strains are dissimilar enough to stay active in the existence of antibodies against another strain. These are called non neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies will always result in the opsonization if the Macrophages are readily transmittable virus. These speeds up the course on a point infection such as hemorrhagic symptoms are observed. It is one of those interesting times where our immune system not succeeds us. If people were vaccinated for dengue and if someone missed one out of those four vaccines has been inactivated by the improper storage, they would be very susceptible to dengue hemorrhagic fever. 5.0 Immune system Defeats the Dengue Virus Although the dengue virus has trapped immune system to infect cells and widen all the way through the body, the immune system contain further protection against the virus. Infected cells produce and release the tiny proteins named as interferons that are part of a huge collection of proteins named as cytokines. Interferons have the capability to interfere with viral replication and they activate the innate and adaptive immune defenses. They help the immune system recognizes cells infected by dengue and help protect cells not infected infection. The immune system, fight against dengue infection so the person will experience a fever (12). As the Adaptive immune response begins to fight against dengue infection, b cells produce antibodies IgM and IgG which are released into the blood and lymphatic fluid, where they specifically identify and deactivate dengue virus particles. In another immune response adaptation, killer T cells or cytotoxic T cells, recognize and kill cells infected with the dengue virus. Active innate immune response of the complement system, response that helps antibodies and white blood cells get rid of the virus. Together with the innate and adaptive immune responses defuse infection of dengue and the patient will recover from dengue (13). If there is a huge degree of virus in the bloodstream an infected person is experiencing acute dengue symptoms. As the immune response against infection by the dengue, personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s B cells begin to create antibodies called IgM and IgG which are released into blood and the lymph fluid and then they identify and defuse the dengue virus and the viral such as dengue NS1 protein molecules (14). The immune response get rid of the virus and leading to recovery. 6.0 Secondary infections of Dengue After a dengue infection for the first time person is protected against infection with the three serotypes of dengue rest for several (2-3) months. Unfortunately, ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s not a long-term protection, and after this short time period, person can be affected with any of the three serotypes of dengue that are outstanding. Around 1960s, Dr Scott Halstead and some of his colleagues are studying in Thailand dengue virus (15), (16). They noticed that the people who had been infected to dengue virus second time had a bigger risk of severe dengue compared with who had not been infected previously. They were asking what makes a second infection of dengue, not as well as the first. In general after an infection from a pathogen, the body keeps in mind the infection for long because the cells named as memory B cells and memory T cells remain inside the body. Since they remember the first disease, memory cells can respond quickly to provide an adaptive response, when infection occurs for the second time. Memory cells can stay behind in the body for many years or even a lifetime. These memory cells help fight a second dengue infection. More often worse than the first infection second dengue infection. Halstead proposes a phenomenon called dependent improvement of antibodies to the infection to explain these observations. There are four types of dengue (serotypes), but the cells of memory do the immunity against reinfection by serotype of dengue fever that caused the first infection. When a person is infected with a second dengue serotype, Halstead suggested that antibodies to the first infection actually help spread of dengue virus infection and increase the amount of virus in the blood, Viremia. This phenomenon can also occur in children who received antibodies against dengue of their mother while in the uterus. Curiously, rather than destroy the virus, existing antibody and the antibody newly produced by the memory can of b cells actually help the virus infected host cells more effectively. Ironically, the consequence of dependent development of antibodies is the response of the immune system in fact makes the clinical symptoms of the dengue fever situation and raises the risk o f serious diseases of dengue. In a second dengue infection cytotoxic T produced by the immune system cells provide only partial immunity against the new serotype of dengue (17). Cytotoxic T cells are not responsible for effectively remove the virus from the body and they issue some excess amounts of molecules named as cytokines. In general quantities and cytokines help out the immune response. Though in large quantities, cytokines may produce severe inflammation and tissue such as capillary leak; eventually contribute to the development of serious diseases of dengue. 7.0 Factors That Contribute to Severe Dengue Infections Prevention of dengue fever means reducing the mosquito population. Any resources of standing water such as buckets, vases, etc. where the mosquitoes can breed must be eradicated. Mosquito repellant is suggested for those areas where dengue fever is widespread. To help break the cycle of spread, sick patients those who are suffered from the dengue fever must be placed in bed net, then the mosquitoes cannot bite them so that they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t become arboviral vectors (18). Became the prevention and the fight against dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever and urgent distribution of geographic expansion and increase the spread of the disease over the last 20 years. Unfortunately, the tools available to prevent dengue are very less. There is a no any vaccine invented yet, and the limited option available to fight against mosquitoes. Clearly, the emphasis should be on prevention of the disease, and if the trend emerging diseases must be reversed (19). If the effective prevention of the disease and several integrated components, including active laboratory surveillance and emergency response and medical community education to guarantee successful management of the situation, mosquitoes community integrated pest and use of effective vaccines when available Disease Control active is an important part of prevention program against dengue. In addition to monitoring secular trends, the purpose of monitoring should be to give warning or predictive capability for the transfer of the epidemic, and the reason is that if you cannot predict epidemics can be avoided by starting by fighting against mosquitoes emergency. For the prediction of epidemics, health authorities and should be able to precisely control the transfer of dengue virus in the community and be able to say at any time that the virus is transmitted virus serotypes rotation and related this kind of disease with dengue infection. To do this, the system must be on site. 8.0 Causes and symptoms Dengue fever can caused when a mosquito bites a human carrying the Arboviruses and transmit the virus to a new host. When the live virus inside body, it moves to various parts where it crashed. The virus is able to then go through the bloodstream. The existence of the virus within the blood vessels causes modifications to these blood vessels. The vessels enlarge and blood leak through the vessels. The spleen and lymph nodes become swollen. A procedure called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) happens, where chemicals relevant for clotting are used up and it will guided to severe bleeding which is called as hemorrhage. When the virus has been spread to the human host, happens a period of incubation. During this time it last approximately five to eight days, the virus multiplies. The signs of the disease come out at once and consist of headache, high fever, chills, eye pain, lymph nodes swollen, red eyes, back pain, red hunting in the face, extreme weakness and severe pain in the limbs and joints (20). This early duration of the disease is about 2-3 days and after this duration, fever decreases rapidly, and the patient sweats strongly. After about a day to feel relatively well, the patient temperature increases again, but not as much as the first time. Begins a rash of small red bumps on arms and legs, spread to the chest and abdomen. It hardly ever affects the face. The palms and the soles of hands and feets swollen and turn bright red. The combination of characteristic of fever, rash and headaches are named as the dengue triad. Many people get well completely from dengue fever, even if the weakness and fatigue may last numerous weeks. When a person has been suffered by dengue fever, his immune system guards produce for about a year cells that prevent reinfection from dengue virus (21). More serious diseases can occur in some people. These persons may meet with dengue fever for the first time. Anyway, in some situations, that a person may have already had dengue recovered at a time and then is re-infected with the virus. In these cases, the infection first guides the immune system to identify the attendance of the Arboviruses. When the immune cells the virus infections later, the immune system reacts. These types of disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (22), engage more strict symptoms. Fever and headache are the opening symptoms, but signs of dengue fever are not present. The patient improves a cough go after by the appearance of small purple patches named as petechiae on the skin. The petechiae are areas where the blood is leaking from the ships. Large areas bruises appear as the getting worse bleeding and abdominal pain can be strict. The patient may starts to vomit a material that is similar to coffee. It is actually a si gn of hemorrhage in the stomach (23). As the blood vessels turn into more injured, they escape more and carry on increasing in diameter called as dilation, causing a decrease in blood flow to the body tissues. This condition of reducing the blood flow is called as shock. Shock can cause damage to the organs of the body especially the heart and kidneys, because the low blood flow deprived oxygen (24). 9.0 Diagnosis Diagnosis should be detected in native areas each time that a high fever continues for 2-7 days, especially if go together with by a ability to hemorrhage. The signs of shock should suggest the development of the disease to the dengue. There are several types of Arboviruses but one of them causing dengue fever that can be isolated from the blood serum (25), (26). The serum is the fluid that the blood cells are floating. Serum can be verified because the phase in which the virus moves into the bloodstream is longer in DF than in other arbovirus diseases. Numerous tests are used to find reactions between the serum of the patient and antibodies produced in the laboratory. Antibodies are particular cells that identify the markers or antigens present on the attack of the body. During these tests, the antibodies are mixed with a sample of the patient serum. Health care workers and then looks for reactions that would occur only if the virus antigens are present in the serum (27). 10.0 New diagnostic technology In recent years, he has developed several new methods of diagnosis and has proved very useful in the diagnosis of dengue. After reviewing this issue in depth over the past. Here follows a brief description of the various methods below. 10.1 PCR Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was build up for numeral RNA viruses in recent years and possible to modernize laboratory diagnosis of dengue (28). RT-PCR provides a rapid diagnosis specific serum. This method is fast, simple, sensitive and reproducible if handled properly it can be used to discover viral RNA in human clinical specimens and autopsy tissues, or mosquitoes. There were number of methods developed involving primers genome in different places and different methods to detect RT-PCR products in recent years (29). 10.2 Immunohistochemistry A major problem in the laboratory diagnosis of dengue confirmation of fatal cases. Only one sample is obtained serum and serological tests of limited value. In addition, most patients die at the same time or shortly after defervescence as the virus isolation is difficult (30). With novel techniques of building, it is now possible to detect antigens of dengue viruses in a variety of tissues. 11.0 Treatment No treatments are available to reduce the course of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Drugs to reduce fever and decrease muscle pain and headache pain (31). Fluids are given through a needle into a vein to prevent dewatering. Blood transfusion may be necessary if serious bleeding happens. Oxygen should be given to shocked patients (29). 12.0 Conclusion The immune system is the bodys defense against viruses dengue Home. When a person is infected with the dengue, response to innate and adaptive immune system to join forces to fight against the virus. B cells create antibodies which specifically identify and defuse foreign particles and viral cytotoxic T cells to recognize and destroy cells that are infected by the dengue virus. For people who can develop later with another type of dengue virus experience called antibody based on the promotion. This situation occurs when the immune response leads one clinical symptoms of dengue worse, which increases the risk of severe dengue.

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Essay -- Last Duchess Robert Browni

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning In his poem â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning gives his readers a complex picture of his two main characters. The Duke, who narrates the poem, is the most immediately present but Browning sets him up to ultimately lose the reader’s trust. The Duchess becomes the sympathetic character, a victim of foul play. It is through the various representations of the Duchess within the poem that we come to know both characters. The representations of the Duchess, which focus on her ever-present smile and easily satisfied nature, come in sharp contrast with the desperate, sputtering language of the Duke as he tries to tell their story on his own terms. This contrast is a manifestation of the Duke's frustration with his inability to control the Duchess and her nonchalant but near-total control over him. The Duchess is first introduced as a painting hanging in the Duke’s gallery. The very form in which we meet her gives us an indication of both her passivity and her ability to persist, unchanged, in one mode of behavior. A painting has very little living communicative power, relying on the expressiveness of its subject at the time of painting. It is notable that no mention is made of any background or accompanying objects in the painting—often in portraiture these elements are relied upon to convey key ideas about the subject. It seems that the Duchess relied solely upon herself and the painter to tell her own story. Even if other objects are in the painting, they are unremarkable enough that neither Duke nor poet feels compelled to mention them. From a literary standpoint, this means that the poet felt that we needed no other initial information about the Duchess. Even at the level of chara... ...haunts him, and by placing it both first and last he drives it home very strongly. He can’t help but repeat that phrase when confronted with the Duchess who is both still smiling and â€Å"as if alive†Ã¢â‚¬â€he is driven mad by the idea that he couldn’t even succeed in killing her. His actions, too, are driven by the Duchess. Since she is still smiling and life-like, despite his best efforts to the contrary, he is driven to the irrational extreme of covering the painting and ensuring that â€Å"none puts by the curtain†¦but [himself]† (9-10) His extraordinary desire to control the Duchess leave him vulnerable to her imperviousness. By remaining unaffected by the Duke’s strenuous efforts to alter her behavior, the Duchess forces the Duke to take more and more drastic measures—like killing her and hiding her painting—and eats away at his ability to even keep control of himself.

Lord of the Flies Chaos vs Order Essay

The conflict between two competing impulses that exist within all human beings: the instinct to live by rules, act peacefully, follow moral commands, and value the good of the group against the instinct to gratify one’s immediate desires, act violently to obtain supremacy over others, and enforce one’s will. This conflict might be expressed in a number of ways: civilization vs. savagery, order vs. chaos, reason vs. impulse, law vs. anarchy, or the broader heading of good vs. evil. Throughout the novel, Golding associates the instinct of civilization with good and the instinct of savagery with evil. Topic sentence isputed leadership and infighting between the two dominate powers (Jack and Ralph) cause a disputed leading to the separation of the tribe into two separate tribes each determined to destroy and ruin the other showing how government (power) can deteriorate to nothing if the following â€Å"citizens† don’t go along with the ruling power they started out with a good governing system based mostly off of a dictator ship but allowing some voting as in democracy this lead to the group working together to build houses, gather food, create weapons and finally set up fires for both cooking and signaling a passing ship. This system worked for the majority of the book allowing the children to solve their problems as a group effort with all contributing to what they could. The evidence showing this is as follows, when they first landed on the island the idea of government was first brought up by the conch shell which symbolized power and eventually lead to the election of a leader (Ralph), leading to the children coming together and working towards survival and hopefully their salvation this as we know failed as the tribe split in two and became democratic and dictatorship ased with Ralph as the democratic leader and Jack as the Dictatorships leader. Ralph and Piggy discover the conch shell on the beach at the start of the novel and use it to summon the boys together after the crash separates them. Used in this capacity, the conch shell becomes a powerful symbol of civilization and order in the novel. The shell effectively governs the boys’ meetings, for the boy who holds the shell holds the right to speak. In this regard, the shell is more than a symbol—it is an actual vessel of political legitimacy and democratic power. As the island civilization erodes and the boys descend into savagery, the conch shell loses its power and influence among them. Ralph clutches the shell desperately when he talks about his role in murdering Simon. Later, the other boys ignore Ralph and throw stones at him when he attempts to blow the conch in Jack’s camp. The boulder that Roger rolls onto Piggy also crushes the conch shell, signifying the demise of the civilized instinct among almost all the boys on the island. Now on to the dictatorship Jack set up with his symbol The sow’s head is a symbol of savagery and destruction. The boy who introduced the idea of the sow’s head on a stick was Jack, and Jack too is a symbol in the book. Jack stands for savagery. You know right from the start of the novel the Jack is not like the other boys, and that he’s a savage because of what he tells Ralph that he wants him and his choir to be. When asked what he would like to do on the island he replies â€Å"Hunters† showing he only cares for killing and wants to be the only provider on the island this then gives Jack the theoretical power he wanted from the start (the leadership of the tribe) The power the sow’s head holds over the boys is more of fear than a power. The sow’s head is a constant reminder that they are living like savages. I think it also reminds the boys that if they can kill a pig then they would probably kill one of the others. This once again shows how Jack is willing to kill for his power and take what he wants from Ralph (later shown when he splits the tribe and attempts to become supreme ruler) To Simon the sow’s head holds a completely different power over him. To Simon the sow’s head represents craziness. Simon is different than the other boys, so that might by why the sow’s head is different for him. When the other boys are fighting, Simon goes to his private glade in the forest. The thing that gave me the idea that the sow’s head represents something different to Simon is because Simon has a conversation with it. Also because the conversation sounds like something that would’ve came out of Simon’s head, because Simon never really believed in a beast on the island and after learning the truth sets off to tell the others ultimately leading to his own demise as the boys mistake him for â€Å"the beast† and kill him during a ritual.

Ethiopian Womans Rights Essays

Ethiopian Womans Rights Essays Ethiopian Womans Rights Essay Ethiopian Womans Rights Essay In the societal structure of Ethiopia that the women have grown so accustomed to, the culture is now key in determining womens roles. Ethiopian women are actively going through hardship in the experience of their life. They have lagged behind men and have been restricted from being free from social, economic and political rules and regulations. Even the civil code of the country confirmed womens inferior position. In the faithful attempt of trying to even the rights of women, the Women in Development group sought to assist the women of Ethiopia by implementing the National Policy on Women. The terms of this policy aim to create appropriate structures within government offices and institutions to establish equitable and gender-sensistive public policies. Among other attempts, Meaza Ashenafi was one of the privileged women of Ethiopia in the Ethiopian Women Lawyer Association, that stood up for what she believed in and put forth practices for over 300 women to undergo paralegal training for basic Ethiopian law. Her idea is to empower women and allow them to use the information for themselves to be able to speak and defend and fight for equality. She envisioned more educated women, which was also the goal of the Revolutionary Ethiopia Womens association, in advocacy of actively educating women. Ethiopia also takes on a physical heavy toll on women and even the children residing in the rural areas which is over 85%, where it is labor intensive. As far as their future can go, there are priorities that can be subdued in the country to improve womens lifestyle in Ethiopia. Realistic steps such as improving the level of income by facilitating opportunities and woman-friendly conditions could benefit, women in some economic sectors sum up a larger workforce than men but since their participation is not valued, they have not received their fair share of the nations wealth. Its essential and practical to improve the health and nutrition of mothers and as well as improved education for both them and their children. These are only small practical steps though that are put forward from Pathfinder International, United Nations Population Fund amongst other small organizations Even with all the attempts to appease to women and their lifestyle and small organizations trying their best to help. Ethiopia truly has potential to change its perspective on women, yet due to the deep-rooted traditional values and beliefs, it could take much longer to bring that of inequality to justice. A real change would require more than providing room for short-term improvements, it would take a change in government attitudes and turning culture around. In a less developed country, its important to forward recommendations to allow not only for women to live as equals amongst men but to create a progressive society in which women are not vulnerable to domestic violence, sexual exploitation and extreme labor as well as having access to health and maternal care and education to be free from that of culturally-enforced subjugation.

11 Unethical Interview Questions You Dont Need to Answer

11 Unethical Interview Questions You Dont Need to Answer Yes, it’s an interview and you’re trying your best to be a people-pleaser. But that doesn’t mean letting someone ask you information that’s off-limits. Sometimes â€Å"innocent† questions about your hobbies and your kids can just  feel like small talk, but are secretly a trap to get you to divulge information that could affect your chances. Asking certain things outright can be considered discrimination and is explicitly not allowed by government regulation.Be vigilant for the following 11  unethical interview  questions and have a swerve answer prepared.  The best rule of thumb? If there’s a question that doesn’t seem relevant to your duties or performance or how well you’d fit into the company or role, dodge it.1. â€Å"What does your husband/wife do?†Some states actively prohibit discrimination on the grounds of marital status. These types of questions are usually asked in order to discriminate against women, w ho might become pregnant or have child care concerns that single candidates wouldn’t. Avoid answering anything that seems to assess whether you have a spouse at all.2. â€Å"Are you pregnant?†First of all, it’s rude to ask. Second, refer to the above. Any question of your kids, your plan to eventually have kids, or your childcare routines are to be avoided for the same reasons.3. â€Å"Do you have a disability that might interfere with your job performance?†(Or anything about a disability or a pattern of illness, i.e. sick days, workers’ comp claims, mental health problems, etc.) These might seem like valid questions, but it is illegal to ask any questions which would reveal the existence of a disability before the job offer is made.4. â€Å"Have you ever been arrested?†Again, some states explicitly prohibit this. And in some cases, questions like these are used to discriminate against minority candidates- which is even worse than just discr iminating against felons, and actually illegal.5. â€Å"What year did you graduate?†This is a sneaky way of figuring out your age. And age discrimination is not a good thing. It’s been federally prohibited since 1967 (at least as applied to people over the age of 40). Bottom line: you don’t ever have to disclose your age.6. â€Å"Are you in a union?†You have a right to join a union and it is not okay to try and prohibit you from doing so. You should not be questioned about your union membership or intention to acquire one, so don’t answer any questions that could give that information out.7. â€Å"Would you take a genetic test?†It is totally illegal to ask you for genetic information, as of 2008. It is also illegal to ask about your family members. You are not in any way required to take any test or give your potential employer any information about your genes.8. â€Å"Where is your name from?†These questions are aimed at figuring out your ethnic background. Other questions like this are â€Å"What other languages do you speak?† or â€Å"What was your first language?† Racial discrimination is to be frowned upon. Don’t be a party to it.9.â€Å"Where do you worship?†Or: â€Å"What days do you worship?† This might be evidence of your employer trying to figure out what your faith is. They might be legitimately curious on a personal level, but you are not required to- nor should you- say. It could be a potential means of religious discrimination- and illegal according to the Civil Rights Act.10. â€Å"Will you take a polygraph?†Most employers are federally not allowed to ask you to take a lie detector test as a condition of employment- or to be fired, not hired, or disciplined for refusing. You can thank the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 for this.11. â€Å"What do you currently make?†There’s a new equal pay law in Massachusetts that makes asking this illegal. But you’re not required to answer it anywhere else either! Try pivoting instead with a line like, â€Å"I’d prefer to discuss money a little later; right now I’m just interested in whether this is a good fit for both of us. I’m sure we’re on the same page.†

Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy

An absolute monarchy is a form of government where the ruler has the power to rule their country and citizens freely with out any laws or legally organized opposition telling the monarchy what to do, although some religious authority may be able to influence the monarch. Basically an absolute monarch has total power over its people and land which includes the aristocracy. The political theory which forms the basis of absolute monarchy was that the monarch held their position by the grace of God and was therefore not answerable to anyone but God. Absolute monarchy developed in the late Middle Ages from feudalism during which monarchs were still first among the nobility. The power of the monarch is limited by the need to have some measure of support by the aristocracy. The aristocracy would be subordinate to the monarchy, provide political and military support for the monarchy, yet may also, from time to time, challenge its authority. Much of the attraction of absolute monarchy in the Middle Ages was that it promised an end to civil wars, could put an end to corruption by the aristocracy, and restore attention to the Church's moral codes. The political thought of the Enlightenment was influenced by philosophers such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, and Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. Jean Bodin was a French Renaissance philosopher and one of the first thinkers to defend absolutism. He wrote Six livres de la RÃ ¨publique in 1576 (Six Books of the Republic). He argued how Kings should be given the right to rule over everyone of his subjects and the political institutions they had by unrestrained laws. However, he also limited the power by saying rulers should be held by social customs and natural law. Thomas Hobbes believed in the theory of absulte monarchy. Thomas had lived through the English civil wars and the execution of Charles I in 1649 which had strengthened his resolve that absolutism was the most logical and desirable... Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy Free Essays on Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a form of government where the ruler has the power to rule their country and citizens freely with out any laws or legally organized opposition telling the monarchy what to do, although some religious authority may be able to influence the monarch. Basically an absolute monarch has total power over its people and land which includes the aristocracy. The political theory which forms the basis of absolute monarchy was that the monarch held their position by the grace of God and was therefore not answerable to anyone but God. Absolute monarchy developed in the late Middle Ages from feudalism during which monarchs were still first among the nobility. The power of the monarch is limited by the need to have some measure of support by the aristocracy. The aristocracy would be subordinate to the monarchy, provide political and military support for the monarchy, yet may also, from time to time, challenge its authority. Much of the attraction of absolute monarchy in the Middle Ages was that it promised an end to civil wars, could put an end to corruption by the aristocracy, and restore attention to the Church's moral codes. The political thought of the Enlightenment was influenced by philosophers such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, and Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. Jean Bodin was a French Renaissance philosopher and one of the first thinkers to defend absolutism. He wrote Six livres de la RÃ ¨publique in 1576 (Six Books of the Republic). He argued how Kings should be given the right to rule over everyone of his subjects and the political institutions they had by unrestrained laws. However, he also limited the power by saying rulers should be held by social customs and natural law. Thomas Hobbes believed in the theory of absulte monarchy. Thomas had lived through the English civil wars and the execution of Charles I in 1649 which had strengthened his resolve that absolutism was the most logical and desirable...

Peer Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer Feedback - Essay Example The essay’s strongest arguments are the arguments for garlic and the herb butterbur because of the evidence using credible sources. They support the efficacy of these alternative medicines when compared to drug options. The weakest argument is for aloe vera because of the appeal to tradition fallacy. Just because something is used for thousands of years, it does not mean that it is an effective treatment. There should be studies that support that aloe vera helps heal minor burns with little or no side effects. The writer addresses counterargument on the application of these alternative medicines to all levels of diseases: â€Å"While it is not a good idea to try to treat second to third degree burns or extreme high blood pressure on your own, it is a good idea to consult your physician about using alternatives to modern medicine until such a time that your body requires the extra boost from the chemical medications.† This argument is helpful because the writer limits the application of alternative medicine and cautions people to not immediately depend on it. Does the author use signal phrases to introduce quotes? (Signal phrases are discussed in more detail in section 10g of The New Century Handbook. ) If so, provide an example. If not, suggest the correct way to do this. The author does not mention her sources in the sentences anymore and just puts in-text citation. For instance, the paper says: â€Å"While butterbur can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to marigolds and ragweed the more common side effects are belching, headache, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues† (NCCAM.NIH.GOV, 2012). The writer should have also mentioned the organization and its mission/goals, thereby determining its biases, for instance: â€Å"According to the The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yes, the quotations are followed with explanations. For example:

Exemplar approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Exemplar approach - Essay Example The results of the approach depend on the categorization which is done based on the concept categorization. When compared to the other approaches, exemplar approach can be applied to any sort of psychological illusions and problems. The category is classified based on the psychological approaches and this is done to ensure that they are classified in a proper manner. Concepts and categories form the major part of the exemplar approach. The cognitive and psychological functions require concepts and categories. This is one of the striking differences between exemplar approach and other psychological approaches. These are essential to determine the psychological functions and activities of a person. Concepts are considered as the representations and activities based on the mental representations. The use of these concepts is more in exemplar approach due to the varied psychological aspects used in it. Concepts indicate the ideas and ideologies pertaining to a particular idea. These repr esentations include understanding; thinking and even the memory power are included in the classification of concept. Since these are the direct interpretation from one’s mind, they are given more importance. Concepts are classified into three major types namely classification, prototype and exemplar approach. ... (Shan, 2005). These categories are classified and described using several approaches like prototype approach, definitional approach and exemplar approach. In terms of exemplar approach, category is described as the principle that helps to point out the knowledge that has been classified using the concepts. (Braisby, 2005). Category is a collection of properties or items that are similar in nature or by their property. The similar objects possess things that have common properties. The words and properties that are used to define an object are also considered as concepts since they directly deal with the ideas of the people. Exemplar- A Unique Approach Exemplar approach stands out due to its unique approach and easy methodology that is used in dealing with psychological problems. There are certain differences that make exemplar the most sought after method. The major problems with classical approach and prototype approach are eradicated in this approach. Classical approach generally h as problem with defining attributes for a particular category, where as exemplar approach easily generates the required attributes. Classical approach uses fuzzy concept, but exemplar approach uses well defined objects to determine the mental representations. Prototype approach also lacks in certain aspects but exemplar approach scores over them in almost all the aspects. Prototype approach implements abstract concept and this act as a disadvantage while deriving categories. In case of exemplar approach, concrete concept is used since it deals with physical presence. A definite and predefined structure is not followed either in prototype or classical approach. Exemplar approach makes use of predefined steps

Write a 5-10 page paper that addresses the assignment questions

Write a 5-10 page paper that addresses the questions - Assignment Example Extraversion refers to arrange of activities, the urgency of activities falling outside the team context as well as using external approaches to energy creation. Conscientiousness is the habit of depicting self-discipline, acting in a responsible manner and aiming at extraordinary achievements. Openness to experience is the appreciation of emotions, adventures, new ideas and diversity in experience. Finally, neuroticism refers to the habit of experiencing negative emotions like anxiety, anger, as well as depression (Lussier & Achua, 2010). In the marketing game, I saw participants who lost control of their emotions due to the attempt of the other team members to intimidate them thus leading to declining in the overall productivity of these participants. Interestingly, other team members were able to keep up with self-control even in the face of situations that a typical employee would use to act in a different manner. Also, there were team members who could not just cope with the diversities within the team. Many were the instances whereby a team member would propose a new idea only for other people to ridicule the idea. The same team had members who depicted the belief that connecting with other people in a work context brings about heightened productivity alongside a respect-filled work environment. Further, there were members who were free to communicate new ideas thus conveying an ever-learning attitude, and ready to share the new discoveries with team members. Overall, the aforementioned behaviors were to a great extent influenced by variables like emotional stability, personality, readiness to learn new skills and diversity in conjunction with enterprise-based variables like job structure and design, resources and leadership. In a typical work context, the group that was able to keep calm even during potentially intimidating moments would hint managers of working with a lot that is adaptable to pressure,

Mind and Consciousness Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mind and Consciousness Questions - Essay Example John Searle defines consciousness to consist of inner, qualitative, subjective states and processes of sentience or awareness. The subjectivity of consciousness is one of the issues that John Searle seeks to clarify. He argues out that consciousness is subject to some human or animal. All conscious states according to him have first person ontology and not third person ontology therefore they can only exist when experienced by some human or animal agent and it is therefore subject to the existence of a human or animal. I.e. it is dependent on the existence of an agent (human or animal) (Searle, 1980). Searle also points out that consciousness is purely a biological process in that is exclusively caused by neurobiological progressions and is realized in the brain structures. He however argues that it is different from other biological phenomena due to its qualitativeness, intentionality, subjectivity and unity traits. He likens the way the brain unites all of the variety of our differ ent stimulus inputs into a single unified conscious experience to the way the visual system binds all of the different stimulus inputs into a single unified visual percept (Searle, 1980). Searle’s arguments are sensible in that they show sense on the connection between the state of the mind and consciousness. The fact that consciousness is a biological process explains how conscious states are processed and how they come to be. The explanations give greater insight to what consciousness is. Consciousness cannot occur without the interconnections between various aspects like sight and the mind. Various biological processes involving the brain have to take place for consciousness to be in place. One does not just become aware of their surroundings or environment through sight only. Seeing has to be accompanied by conceptualization of the environment for one to make a judgment on what he/she is seeing. Consciousness is therefore not a one instance thing but a process comprised o f a number of activities and stages. I therefore support the argument that consciousness is a biological process and it is subjective. Semantic knowledge can be defined as established knowledge pertaining objects, facts and word meanings. They bear based on facts and the knowledge is shown by referencing of words. A good example is the statement, ` a snake is not a fast runner, in fact, and it cannot run at all.’ This is a representation of semantic knowledge because it points out a fact that depends on the referent of the word run. Syntactic knowledge on the other hand is basically linguistic knowledge that can be stated without a reference to the words they refer to. An example of syntactic knowledge is the statement `there are rampant cases of food insecurity and illiteracy in third world countries’ (Levy, Bayley, & Squire, 2004). This represents syntactic knowledge because it brings out the intended information or knowledge without having to use references that rel ates to expertise in grammar. The form of knowledge basically entails knowledge by description. The way I can describe a past experience I had is basically a form of knowledge. There are three major forms of knowledge namely intellectual knowledge which entails collection of facts, knowledge of states which entail human emotional feelings and the real knowledge which is basically what is considered as the reality. The content of knowledge on the other hand, is a prior knowledge on an issue one is trying to

Evaluate Merleau-Ponty's account in The World of Perception of the Essay

Evaluate Merleau-Ponty's account in The World of Perception of the relation of human beings both to each other and other animals - Essay Example Humans interact with other animals differently depending on the value of the other animals. The nature of the relationship both among humans and with other animals is structured with the view of sustaining the life of humanity. As social organisms, humans live in effectively constructed societies with a set of laws that govern the nature of the relationship among humans. The need for procreation and sustenance of life is a fundamental feature that influences both the nature of the relationship among humans. Among the basic relationship among humans is the family an institution that guarantees both companionship and the sustenance of life. However, for the development of effective societies humans require peaceful correlation among each other a feature that influences the development of governments. Social contract theorists explain that the need for peaceful coexistence in societies influence the formation of governments through democratic governments to govern for specific periods. Among the basic objective of the governments is to maintain law and order besides safeguarding the rights and privileges of the people. While the creation of governments is an effective way of ensuring orderliness of the societies thus guaranteeing freedom and safety of every individual in a society, it portrays the inability of humans to live peacefully without conflicts. Humans’ population increase results in increased pressure on the resources a feature that give rise to numerous conflicts. Such is a fundamental feature of human interactions that Maurice Merleau-Ponty discusses in his book. All the conflicts in the human society arise from either competition for resources or competition for mates. In order to provide amicable solutions to their conflicts, humans organize themselves in societies with effective leadership and systems that perfect in conflict

Coaching & mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coaching & mentoring - Essay Example Coaching is about the alignment of actions, thoughts, and motivations toward a desired outcome or process. At times, coaching is not about a means to an end, but about the improvement of a process toward a desired outcome. This process could be considered developmental and is often associated with actualization or learning for individuals, teams, and organizations. Coaching takes place in small increments, often separated by weeks, and must be both intimate and flexible. While coaches may offer perspectives on substantive issues and the coaching agenda, executives must determine learning goals and issues around which they desire to be coached. (Brown, 1999, 40) Executive coaching involves one-on-one discussions between an executive and a behavioral science professional on topics involving skills and style in a professional setting. Coaching has several advantages over other types of executive development options, such as class activities, group facilitation, and consulting advice. Convenience, relevance, and the self-directed nature of executive coaching are important advantages that one should consider in deciding to use coaching over other ways of achieving professional growth and greater organizational effectiveness. Central to executive coaching are the notions that the objectives are jointly determined by the executive and the coach, that it involves observation and assessment of behaviors related to these objectives, and that these observations and assessments are shared. Three different perspectives are relevant for an executive coach to consider in conversations regarding executive performance: the individual executive, the work unit, and the organization. An initial consideration is to explore the executives self-awareness. A first step is to compare the individuals self-perception of his or her relevant strengths, weaknesses, and suggested areas of development

Mind and Consciousness Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mind and Consciousness Questions - Essay Example John Searle defines consciousness to consist of inner, qualitative, subjective states and processes of sentience or awareness. The subjectivity of consciousness is one of the issues that John Searle seeks to clarify. He argues out that consciousness is subject to some human or animal. All conscious states according to him have first person ontology and not third person ontology therefore they can only exist when experienced by some human or animal agent and it is therefore subject to the existence of a human or animal. I.e. it is dependent on the existence of an agent (human or animal) (Searle, 1980). Searle also points out that consciousness is purely a biological process in that is exclusively caused by neurobiological progressions and is realized in the brain structures. He however argues that it is different from other biological phenomena due to its qualitativeness, intentionality, subjectivity and unity traits. He likens the way the brain unites all of the variety of our differ ent stimulus inputs into a single unified conscious experience to the way the visual system binds all of the different stimulus inputs into a single unified visual percept (Searle, 1980). Searle’s arguments are sensible in that they show sense on the connection between the state of the mind and consciousness. The fact that consciousness is a biological process explains how conscious states are processed and how they come to be. The explanations give greater insight to what consciousness is. Consciousness cannot occur without the interconnections between various aspects like sight and the mind. Various biological processes involving the brain have to take place for consciousness to be in place. One does not just become aware of their surroundings or environment through sight only. Seeing has to be accompanied by conceptualization of the environment for one to make a judgment on what he/she is seeing. Consciousness is therefore not a one instance thing but a process comprised o f a number of activities and stages. I therefore support the argument that consciousness is a biological process and it is subjective. Semantic knowledge can be defined as established knowledge pertaining objects, facts and word meanings. They bear based on facts and the knowledge is shown by referencing of words. A good example is the statement, ` a snake is not a fast runner, in fact, and it cannot run at all.’ This is a representation of semantic knowledge because it points out a fact that depends on the referent of the word run. Syntactic knowledge on the other hand is basically linguistic knowledge that can be stated without a reference to the words they refer to. An example of syntactic knowledge is the statement `there are rampant cases of food insecurity and illiteracy in third world countries’ (Levy, Bayley, & Squire, 2004). This represents syntactic knowledge because it brings out the intended information or knowledge without having to use references that rel ates to expertise in grammar. The form of knowledge basically entails knowledge by description. The way I can describe a past experience I had is basically a form of knowledge. There are three major forms of knowledge namely intellectual knowledge which entails collection of facts, knowledge of states which entail human emotional feelings and the real knowledge which is basically what is considered as the reality. The content of knowledge on the other hand, is a prior knowledge on an issue one is trying to

Coaching & mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coaching & mentoring - Essay Example Coaching is about the alignment of actions, thoughts, and motivations toward a desired outcome or process. At times, coaching is not about a means to an end, but about the improvement of a process toward a desired outcome. This process could be considered developmental and is often associated with actualization or learning for individuals, teams, and organizations. Coaching takes place in small increments, often separated by weeks, and must be both intimate and flexible. While coaches may offer perspectives on substantive issues and the coaching agenda, executives must determine learning goals and issues around which they desire to be coached. (Brown, 1999, 40) Executive coaching involves one-on-one discussions between an executive and a behavioral science professional on topics involving skills and style in a professional setting. Coaching has several advantages over other types of executive development options, such as class activities, group facilitation, and consulting advice. Convenience, relevance, and the self-directed nature of executive coaching are important advantages that one should consider in deciding to use coaching over other ways of achieving professional growth and greater organizational effectiveness. Central to executive coaching are the notions that the objectives are jointly determined by the executive and the coach, that it involves observation and assessment of behaviors related to these objectives, and that these observations and assessments are shared. Three different perspectives are relevant for an executive coach to consider in conversations regarding executive performance: the individual executive, the work unit, and the organization. An initial consideration is to explore the executives self-awareness. A first step is to compare the individuals self-perception of his or her relevant strengths, weaknesses, and suggested areas of development

THE COOP Essay Example for Free

THE COOP Essay 1. What is the size of the loss at the Coop? What could have been attributed to this loss? (Be thorough in your analysis) Answer: In 1994, â€Å"‘The Coop’s† average sales were $775,000, and there were 76 stores in total. So the Coop would reach the sales $58,900,000(76 x $775,000 =$58,900,000). If Coop were able to maintain the 10% growth per year. In 1995 Coop’s sales should be $64,790,000 ($58,900,000 x (1 +10%) =$64,790,000). However, due to the 6% average decline in sales for 20 stores, the real sales in 1995 is $62,310,000 (20 x $775,000 x (1-6%) + 56 x $775,000 x (1+10%) =,310,000). So in total Coop lost $2,480,000 ($64,790,000 – $62,310,000 = $2,480,000) in 1995. There are many factors may result in Coop’s sales decline. Firstly, Coop may fail to meet the consumer needs. The Chicken Coop founded in 1974, and the specializing in chicken never changed. However the consumer’ taste and habit have changed today. Also, the consumer targeting between the age of 18 and 45 is too board. Secondly, the manger does not have depth knowledge about the market. Wallace made business plan rely on his hotel business experience. Thirdly, the number of new employee increased because of the business expanding. However, there are many new employee are less trained, so the quality of the service decreased. Also, the Coop’ sales did not increase, the cost of the new employee increased a lot. Lastly, the competitors are improving. For example the KFC complemented its advertising with special promotions and provide a variety products service. All the four fa ctors may have been attributed to Coop’s sales loss. 2. Analyze the dynamics between McMichael and Wallace. Are they looking in the same direction? Why, why not? Answer: McMichael and Wallace are two of the top managers. All of them are paid close attention to customers. They realized the lack of customer sight and market insight, but they have different views about the market research and the sales slump. McMichael worked for Coop science 1982, she always thinks the quality of the food is the core competence of Coop. As same as Buckmeister, she believes the motto â€Å"We are chicken†. So she thinks the better food quality and service could help Coop solve the sales problem. For Wallace, he is relatively new to the company and has extensive experience in the hotel business. Wallace focus on renew the brand image to meet current consumer needs. He provided new menu to attract more consumers. Wallace thinks Coop need new market activities  improve competitive advantages. Both McMichael and Wallace are thinking from their narrow functional area. 3. Evaluate each of the initiatives proposed by Buckmeister, Wallace, and McMichael (pros and cons). Answer: McMichael suggested Quality Inspection Program and The taste. The Quality Inspection Program will help Coop improve the quality of the food, service and facilities, these all important factors to attract consumers and increase sales. However, these program only provide current information about Coop stores, it does not provide information about consumer taste and competitor situations. The Taste grogram provided the information of competitors, it help Coop to make positive change to reflect competitive environment. However the information gathered from loyal customer may not represent all the consumer thought. And it has the cost of the program is high. Wallace suggested Brand Image Monitoring Surveys and The Customer Experience Study. The Brand Image Monitoring Surveys will gather quantitative data on the Coop’s brand image vis-à  -vis its competitors. A market research supplier would interview customers and potential customer by telephone. This program may help Coop gather a lot of representative information. However it cost too much. And personally I do not like answer the telephone survey, especially pick up a call from restaurant which I have never been. The Customer Experience Study provided consumer some benefit if they cooperate with Coop’s survey, I think it will help for Coop’s brand image and attract loyal consumer. However, I do not think this is the best way to gather information with so many costs. Coop should consider is that worth to cost $45,600 and even more. Buckmeister’s Customer Feedback Cards is a direct and easy way to get consumer feedback, and it cost less and response well. However, it will make employees and mangers work more. And the flexibility is poor, also this method only gather information from current Coop consumer. 4. Which one(s) would you support and why? Answer: I support Wallace’s suggestion. McMichael’s suggestion focus on the customer service and food quality, I do not think this the main factors related to Coop’s sales decrease. I think Coop should focus on consumer information research. Coop is old company failed to meet current consumer needs. Wallace’s suggestion will help Coop gather large information about consumer thinking, and then they can make changes to reflect the market  development. 5. What would be the total cost of your selected market research and is it well justified? Answer: Brand Image Monitoring Surveys was the most expensive option that The Coop was considering. Proposals from market research suppliers ranged from $20,000 to $50,000, and it may need 900 interviews. The Customer Experience Study would cost $45,000 and even more. I think the cost is not justified, because not very consumer will cooperate with the survey. I do not think every telephone survey will be successes answered, but Coop has to pay it.

Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Assay Biology Essay

Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Assay Biology Essay Introduction: Polyclonal antibodies are produced by different B- lymphocytes in response to the same antigen, which recognise different parts of the antigen. Because the human immune system cannot know in advance what pathogens it will confront, it prepares for future infections by creating millions of different antibodies. Each of these highly selective proteins recognizes and binds to a specific target, or antigen, then signals other components of the immune system to destroy the target. These naturally-occurring polyclonal antibodies play a crucial role in triggering an immune response Polyclonal antibodies are routinely used as ligands for the preparation of immunoaffinity columns labeling reagents for the qualitative and quantitative determination of molecules in a variety of assays, such as double diffusion, radial immuno-diffusion, ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Aim: The aim of this practical is to compare the purification of serum IgG by ammonium sulphate and ion exchange chromatography. The first purification step will normally involve a method such as fractional precipitation with increasing concentrations of ammonium sulphate. This method is not designed to achieve total purification, but to remove as much contaminant protein as possible whilst retaining all the protein of interest. Most proteins will precipitate from solution at high salt concentrations, but the salt concentration required to precipitate them varies considerably. Ammonium sulphate will be used as it is possible to set up salt concentration which will differentially precipitate serum proteins. Ammonium sulphate precipitation procedure was carried out to separate the serum proteins into four fractions. A fraction containing the serum protein to be purified can then be precipitated and collected, leaving behind any protein which is still soluble. The second method of purifying the IgG serum protein is ion exchange chromatography. This is a widely applied method of protein purification and uses positively charged groups or negatively charged groups immobilised onto a hydrophilic support, in this case DE- 52. Serum Proteins with an opposite net charge to that of the immobilised exchanger will bind to the column. Other serum proteins will pass through. Because the charge on proteins changes with pH, it is possible to attach a protein to the exchanger at one pH, then elute it by changing the buffer. Alternatively proteins can be eluted by passing an increasing concentration of salt through the column. The method works best for IgG which have high isoelectric points, at about pH 8.6. This method can also be used how to separate different subclasses of IgG. Ammonium sulphate is less effective in the purification if IgG, but it is useful for the isolation of large IgM. Samples of each fraction will then be separated by electrophoresis on an agarose gel. Antibody will then be allowed to diffuse towards the electrophoresed proteins from a trough cut parallel to the direction of electrophoresis. The proteins also diffuse from the positions they have reached after electrophoresis and precipitin arcs form where antigen and antibody reach equivalent concentrations. This technique can be used to determine whether a fraction contains any IgG and determine the degree of contamination of the IgG with other proteins Materials and Method: Ammonium Sulphate fractionation Procedure 0.25 ml of saturated ammonium was added to 1ml of human serum, to produce a solution which 20% saturated with respect to ammonium sulphate. The solution was mixed it was allowed to stand in an ice for 15 minutes, and was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1500 rotation per minute. The supernatant was poured and pallet was retained as fraction 1 The supernatant from fraction 1; 0.35 was added to bring to 35 % saturated with respect to ammonium sulphate; the solution was left in an ice for 15minutes and it was centrifuged to recover the precipitate, the supernatant was poured in another tube while the pallet was retained as fraction 2 0.5 ml of saturated ammonium was added to the supernatant of fraction 2 to bring the solution to 50% , the solution was left in ice for 15 minutes to precipitate, it was centrifuged for 15 minutes the pallet was kept as fraction 3 while the supernatant containing 50% of protein was kept as fraction 4 the absorbance of the fraction was measured at 280nm the absorbance of 1mg/ml and 0.5mg of bovine serum albumin was measured was measured Before the immunological analysis the fraction salt content were reduced by dialysis against buffer. 0.2 (For more information refer to UEL hand out on protein purification) DE 52 ion exchange chromatography Serum provides was pre dialysed against 10mM trs/barbitone buffer pH 8.6 and chromatography column containing about 2mls of DE 52 which it has been equilibrated in the same buffer The column was allowed to run until any overlying buffer has run into the DE-52 gel avoiding the column to dry Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Assay The fractions collected from ion exchange chromatography were determined for the presence of IgG by using ouchterlony double diffusion method. The collected fractions were run against an anti-IgG antibody in an agarose gel. The centre well were filled with 3ul of anti-IgG and 3ul of the eluted fractions into the surrounding holes. Immunodiffusion was slowed to proceed for 24-48 hours an antigen-antibody precipitin line was observed. Single Radial immune diffusion This as a quantitative technique whereby the antigen is allowed diffuse from a well into a gel which contained its specific antibody, a precipitin will form when antigen concentration is equal to the concentration of the antibody in the gel. Immunoelectrophoresis MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of antigen Blood samples were collected from ten clinically healthy cows using sterile disposable needles (1.2 40 mm), clarified by centrifugation (1000 g, 15 min) and diluted 1:1 with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.2). Then equal volumes of diluted serum and saturated ammonium sulphate were mixed by slowly addition of the saturated ammonium sulphate solution with gentle stirring. After centrifugation (1000 g for 20 min), the precipitate was washed twice with 50% saturated ammonium sulphate solution. The final precipitate was dissolved in PBS followed by overnight dialysis against PBS. Protein concentration was quantified by a coomassie dye binding assay (Bradford, 1976), using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard. Final protein concentration of solution adjusted to 1 mg/mL. Immunization of rabbits with bovine immunoglobulins Three hundred micro liters of prepared bovine immunoglobulins (1 mg/mL) in PBS was emulsified with equal volumes of Freunds complete adjuvant (Sigma) and inoculated intramuscularly (I M) into three 6-month-old New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were fed regular commercial diets. The second and third inoculations were performed on days 21 and 35 with Freunds incomplete adjuvant (Sigma), and the fourth inoculation was done on day 45 without any adjuvant. After the final immunization, blood samples were taken from the rabbits and production of antibody was investigated by double diffusion and ELISA tests. This study was approved by the Regional Medical Sciences Research Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Purification of rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulins Immunized rabbits sera were collected and precipitated by 50% ammonium sulfate. After dialysis against PBS and tris-Phosphate buffer (40 tris and 25 mM phosphate, pH 8.2), ion-exchange chromatography was done on a DEAE-Sepharose fast flow (Pharmacia) in a laboratory made column at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. Protein concentration adjusted to 100 mg/mL and passed through the column. The column was washed in two steps using Tris- Phosphate buffer for first washing step and Tris-phosphate buffer containing100 mM NaCl for second washing step. The eluted proteins were collected in 5 mL fractions and analyzed by SDSPAGE. SDS-PAGE analysis The purity of various IgG preparations was checked using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reduced conditions as described by Laemmli (Laemmli, 1970). The final concentration of polyacrylamide solution was 13%. Samples were boiled with 2% SDS for 10 min and were loaded on the electrophoresis gel. After separation, the proteins were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G 250 (Blakesley and Boezi, 1977). Destaining was carried out in distilled water. Conjugation of rabbit IgG with peroxidase The conjugation was performed by the periodate method (Nakane and Kawaoi, 1974) with some modifications. First, 4 mg of peroxidase (Sigma) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of distilled water in darkglass container. Then sodium periodate (Merck) was added to the solution, and the container was kept on a stirrer for 20 min at room tempe-rature. The mixture was dialyzed against acetate buffer (0.1 mM, pH 4.4) at 4Â °C overnight followed by addition of 10 ÃŽ ¼l of carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (0.2 M, pH 9.5). Eight milligrams of purified IgG in 1 mL of carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.5) was add-ed to the active enzyme, and the container was put on the stirrer. Then 150 ÃŽ ¼l of fresh sodium borohydrate solution (Merck) was added to the above solution and was kept at 4Â °C for 1.5 h on the stirrer. The product was then dialyzed overnight against PBS at 4Â °C and 1% BSA (Sigma) along with addition of 0.01% sodium mirth-iolate (Merck). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Direct ELISA was used to determine the titer of HRP conjugated rabbit IgG against bovine immunoglobulins. 100 ÃŽ ¼l of prepared bovine, sheep and goat immunoglobulins, which was diluted 1:100 in PBS (10 ÃŽ ¼g), was added to each well of a 96-well micro titer plate and incubated at 4Â °C for 24 h. The wells were washed with PBSTween (0.05% Tween 20) three times and blocked with 200 ÃŽ ¼l of blocking solution (PBS-0.5% Tween 20). After a washing step, 100 ÃŽ ¼l of 1:400, 1:800, 1:1600, 1:3200, 1:6400 and 1:12800 dilutions of prepared HRP conjugated anti-bovine immunoglobulins were added to each well. The reaction was developed using 100 ÃŽ ¼l of 3, 3, 5, 5- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as substrate and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm after stopping the reaction by 5% sulfuric acid (Sigma). Results: RESULTS Production of rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulins In order to survey production of antibody in rabbits and evaluating effectiveness of immunization, double diffusion and ELISA tests were performed. The titer of polyclonal anti-bovine IgG in double diffusion test was 8, which appeared as a sharp band between antigen and antibody wells. The titer of anti-bovine immunoglobulins determined by ELISA was 16000. Purification of rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulins Purification of IgG rich fraction from immunized rabbit sera by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography resulted in a highly pure fraction (first peak). The protein content of this fraction was 45 mg which was about one third of primary protein content (Figure 1). SDS-PAGE analysis Figure 2 shows the results of SDS-PAGE for determining the purity of IgG, which was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. A distinct polypeptide band with molecular weight about 50 kDa corresponding to rabbit IgG heavy chains. The diffused bands between molecular weights of 20 30 kDa correspond to rabbit IgG light chains. (Figure 2) The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that purification of IgG by ion-exchange chromatography resulted in a highly pure product. Discussion: The purification of immunoglobulins presents several practical complications, especially for polyclonal antibody production (Verdoliva et al., 2000). We used ionexchange chromatography for purification of rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody. Separation and recovery of proteins from ion exchange chromatographic media are affected by factors such as buffer type and pH, length of gradient, flow rate of the mobile phase, ionic strength and nature of counter ion, and characteristic of the proteins. The selection of ideal conditions for protein purification involves changing some or all of these parameters (Tishchenko et al., 1998). This technique was well established in our laboratory for purification of IgG antibody (Baradaran et al., 2006; Javanmard et al., 2005; Majidi et al., 2005). Furthermore, ion-exchange chromatography is considered as an economical alternative to affinity and immunoaffinity chromatography. After purification step we obtained a protein with approximate purity of 98%. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the protein with approximately 50 kDa MW was rabbit IgG heavy chains. The light chain of rabbit IgG appeared as a diffused band of 20 30 kDa molecular weights. It is likely that diffused band of light chain could be related to different level of deglycosilation of protein during manipulation process. Conclusion:

Torchwood, Egoism, and Utilitarianism Essays -- Literary Analysis

Torchwood’s third season â€Å"Children of Earth,† contains many momentous events which question human rationality, having good sagacity, judgment, and equanimity. Throughout these events two ethical philosophies unravel. The first philosophy, egoism, actions with solely one’s interests in mind, plays a major role in the season. Ethical egoists believe that one should look out for no one else but themselves, and a theory of psychological egoism states that whatever the reasoning is behind an action, the action is always an individual’s self-interest. The inconceivable enthralling events in the season are due to the 456’s yearning for ten percent of the children population. However, their request is not based upon a life-supporting necessity, but merely an egotistical longing for a pleasurable â€Å"high† the children supply them with. The second philosophy, utilitarianism, is based on Jeremy Bentham’s principle of utility, actions whi ch amplify happiness and diminish pain for the majority of people, play an essential role. To restrain the heinous act from occurring, Jack sacrifices his own grandson, Steven, to spare the lives of the other children on Earth. The 456 are at fault for the outlandish children-related incidences around the world. The children stop in mid-action and recite exact words at the same time for five consecutive days. These events are linked to a previous abduction by the 456 in 1965. The only two people conscious of the previous abduction are immortal Captain Jack, who was there during the abduction, and the Home Office Permanent Secretary John Frobisher. For most of the first episodes, Torchwood members, Jack, Ianto, and Gwen, know nothing of the situation, but are able to communicate with an insider, Lois Habiba, ... ...uction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 170. Online book. Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 165. Online book. Rosenstand, Nina. â€Å"Individual Ethical Egoism.† The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 183. Web source. Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hil Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 225. Online book. Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 229. Web source. Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education/CourseSmart, 2008. 241. Online book.

2001 USA Patriot Act is Unconstitutional and Ineffective Essays

I. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks US Congress passed legislation known as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 commonly known as the USA Patriot Act. This paper will attempt to prove that not only is the USA Patriot Act unconstitutional but many of its provisions do nothing at all to protect Americans from the dangers of terrorism. While this act made legislative changes that increased surveillance and the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies to protect America from further terrorist acts, the passing of the USA Patriot Act has reduced the privacy rights of Americans and also does not provide for a system of checks and balances that safeguard civil liberties. Terrorism is a serious matter that should not be handled lightly, but the act has gone over the top in trying to stop terrorism. The USA Patriot Act, enacted for protecting America from further attacks, not only does little if anything to protect Americans, but rather undermines their civil rights. The Patriot Act targets not only terrorists, but also the American people which it intended to protect. This paper will primarily speak of the violations of the First and Fourth Amendments and the lack of checks and balances in relation to the USA Patriot Act. II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the September 11th terrorist attacks, America was understandably frightened that this could happen again. Less than a week after the attacks the Bush administration introduced legislation that included items which had previously been voted down, sometimes repeatedly, by Congress. (Surveillance Under the USA Patriot Act) The Senate version of the Patriot Act, which closely resembled the legislation requested by Attorney General John Ashcroft, was sent straight to the floor with no discussion, debate, or hearings. Many Senators complained that they had little chance to read it much less analyze it before having to vote. In the House, hearings were held, and a carefully constructed compromise bill emerged from the Judiciary Committee. But then, with no debate or consultation with rank-and-file members, the House leadership threw out the compromise bill and replaced it with legislation that mirrored the Senate version. Neither discussion nor amendments were permitted, and once... ... feel rushed as they did with the signing of this Act. Congress should review some of the terminology in the Act such as the definition of ‘Domestic terrorism’ to ensure we are not inadvertently including innocent individuals under the name of national security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There should be a system of checks and balances where congress must review the methods the FBI, CIA and other law enforcement agencies are using in relation to wire taps, search warrants etc. Congress must ensure that the intelligence gathered is used in connection with terrorists and not just criminals in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  States and the private sector should get more involved in security at the airports, banking procedures and surveillance so that the federal government does not have complete control and overstep their boundaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the idea behind the 2001 USA Patriot Act was a solid one made in a time of extreme duress and fearfulness. Now that we have had time to readjust and really look at the consequences of this act, it is time to reevaluate and pass into law a modified version to keep in line with what our forefathers believed for our country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚